{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946494244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","title":"Convolution Accelerator Designs Using Fast Algorithms","display_name":"Convolution Accelerator Designs Using Fast Algorithms","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946494244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","mag":"2946494244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/5/112/pdf?version=1558951502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/5/112/pdf?version=1558951502","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107949943","display_name":"Yulin Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367955","display_name":"Donghui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1198-0978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003828338","display_name":"Leiou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0563-9079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leiou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0563-9079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information Technology for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107949943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.3588,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81832699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"112","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.825843870639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strassen-algorithm","display_name":"Strassen algorithm","score":0.7870990037918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7733756899833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.7142225503921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.64682936668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5862887501716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5310514569282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5261154770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5185245275497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-array","display_name":"Gate array","score":0.43873846530914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.437729150056839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processor","display_name":"Digital signal processor","score":0.4376071095466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41486692428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3529573976993561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.27722179889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.162449449300766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08178284764289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-multiplication","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","score":0.07962912321090698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.825843870639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39096654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728507","display_name":"Strassen algorithm","level":4,"score":0.7870990037918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7733756899833679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.7142225503921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.64682936668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5862887501716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5310514569282532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5261154770851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5185245275497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.43873846530914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.437729150056839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161611012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106370","display_name":"Digital signal processor","level":3,"score":0.4376071095466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41486692428588867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3529573976993561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27722179889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.162449449300766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08178284764289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.07962912321090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/5/112/pdf?version=1558951502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:269237bdbfa44b33b47537bb589432c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/269237bdbfa44b33b47537bb589432c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 12, Iss 5, p 112 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/12/5/112/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a12050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a12050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/12/5/112/pdf?version=1558951502","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G567860067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336292","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946494244.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946494244.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1005811612","https://openalex.org/W1487564550","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1789336918","https://openalex.org/W1825672851","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1845051632","https://openalex.org/W1979740015","https://openalex.org/W2035476608","https://openalex.org/W2051334781","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2560017826","https://openalex.org/W2600089886","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2729080111","https://openalex.org/W2792416626","https://openalex.org/W2793471971","https://openalex.org/W2887936511","https://openalex.org/W2897748868","https://openalex.org/W2952899695","https://openalex.org/W2952999519","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6683826617","https://openalex.org/W6685214006","https://openalex.org/W6724998850","https://openalex.org/W6730047919","https://openalex.org/W6754194829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4303646773","https://openalex.org/W2069906535","https://openalex.org/W2950769433","https://openalex.org/W1964529245","https://openalex.org/W2041189380","https://openalex.org/W2165928982","https://openalex.org/W2356077240","https://openalex.org/W2158819257","https://openalex.org/W225520122","https://openalex.org/W2054663411"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4,27],"achieved":[5],"great":[6],"success":[7],"in":[8,23],"image":[9],"processing.":[10],"However,":[11],"the":[12,43,48,72,84,90,104,108,113],"heavy":[13],"computational":[14,44],"burden":[15],"it":[16,19],"imposes":[17],"makes":[18],"difficult":[20],"for":[21],"use":[22],"embedded":[24],"applications":[25],"that":[26,40,103,120],"limited":[28],"power":[29,97,105],"consumption":[30,106],"and":[31,78,89],"performance.":[32],"Although":[33],"there":[34],"are":[35,69],"many":[36],"fast":[37,65],"convolution":[38,61],"algorithms":[39],"can":[41],"reduce":[42],"complexity,":[45],"they":[46],"increase":[47],"difficulty":[49],"of":[50,107,121],"practical":[51],"implementation.":[52],"To":[53],"overcome":[54],"these":[55],"difficulties,":[56],"this":[57],"paper":[58],"proposes":[59],"several":[60],"accelerator":[62,109],"designs":[63,68],"using":[64],"algorithms.":[66],"The":[67,99],"based":[70,111],"on":[71,112],"field":[73],"programmable":[74],"gate":[75],"array":[76],"(FPGA)":[77],"display":[79],"a":[80],"better":[81],"balance":[82],"between":[83],"digital":[85],"signal":[86],"processor":[87],"(DSP)":[88],"logic":[91],"resource,":[92],"while":[93],"also":[94],"requiring":[95],"lower":[96],"consumption.":[98],"implementation":[100],"results":[101],"show":[102],"design":[110],"Strassen\u2013Winograd":[114],"algorithm":[115],"is":[116],"21.3%":[117],"less":[118],"than":[119],"conventional":[122],"accelerators.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}