{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131778531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","title":"GFTrans: an on-the-fly static analysis framework for code performance profiling","display_name":"GFTrans: an on-the-fly static analysis framework for code performance profiling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131778531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126972277","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126965340","display_name":"Yunbao Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunbao Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755006","display_name":"Jingxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6071-9197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168337820","display_name":"Chongqing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03n3v6d52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Physics Sciences, RI-IM\u00b7AI*, Chongqing University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Physics Sciences, RI-IM\u00b7AI*, Chongqing University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123153877","display_name":"Biqing Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biqing Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization, Torrens University Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization, Torrens University Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126972277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45144928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1779935","last_page":"1779935"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.22030000388622284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.6672999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.635699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.3411000072956085}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8485999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6672999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.635699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4771000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88468194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172416","display_name":"Data-flow analysis","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41836642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41836642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12982020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12982020/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2026.1779935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321758","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2177307695","https://openalex.org/W2954141573","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W3017152803","https://openalex.org/W3094340071","https://openalex.org/W3160961472","https://openalex.org/W3195958055","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4224510357","https://openalex.org/W4256386389","https://openalex.org/W4389735314","https://openalex.org/W4408851891","https://openalex.org/W4416088600"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Improving":[0],"software":[1],"efficiency":[2],"is":[3],"crucial":[4],"for":[5],"maintenance,":[6],"but":[7],"pinpointing":[8],"runtime":[9,101],"bottlenecks":[10,119],"becomes":[11],"increasingly":[12],"difficult":[13],"as":[14],"systems":[15],"expand.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"dynamic":[18,73],"profiling":[19],"tools":[20],"require":[21],"full":[22],"build-execution":[23],"cycles,":[24],"creating":[25],"significant":[26],"latency":[27],"that":[28,42],"impedes":[29],"agile":[30],"development.":[31],"To":[32],"address":[33],"this,":[34],"we":[35],"introduce":[36],"GFTrans,":[37],"a":[38,51,55,68,72,92],"static":[39],"analysis":[40],"framework":[41],"predicts":[43],"c":[44,97],"program":[45],"performance":[46],"without":[47],"execution.":[48],"GFTrans":[49,103],"utilizes":[50],"Transformer":[52],"architecture":[53],"with":[54,80,99],"novel":[56],"\"anchor-based":[57],"embedding\"":[58],"technique":[59],"to":[60,85,124],"integrate":[61],"control":[62],"flow":[63],"and":[64,110],"data":[65],"dependencies":[66],"into":[67],"unified":[69],"sequence.":[70],"Additionally,":[71],"gating":[74],"mechanism":[75],"fuses":[76],"these":[77],"semantic":[78],"representations":[79],"16":[81],"handcrafted":[82],"statistical":[83],"features":[84],"comprehensively":[86],"capture":[87],"code":[88],"complexity.":[89],"Evaluated":[90],"on":[91],"dataset":[93],"of":[94],"real-world":[95],"GitHub":[96],"functions":[98],"high-precision":[100],"labels,":[102],"outperforms":[104],"baseline":[105],"models":[106],"like":[107],"Random":[108],"Forest":[109],"Code2Vec,":[111],"achieving":[112],"78.64%":[113],"accuracy.":[114],"The":[115],"system":[116],"identifies":[117],"potential":[118],"in":[120],"milliseconds,":[121],"enabling":[122],"developers":[123],"perform":[125],"optimization":[126],"effectively":[127],"during":[128],"the":[129],"coding":[130],"phase.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}
