{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404866590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","title":"Establishing and evaluating trustworthy AI: overview and research challenges","display_name":"Establishing and evaluating trustworthy AI: overview and research challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404866590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39677583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071624510","display_name":"Dominik Kowald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-6234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Kowald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041000976","display_name":"Sebastian Scher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-8833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Scher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Regional Science, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Regional Science, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262073","display_name":"Viktoria Pammer\u2010Schindler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viktoria Pammer-Schindler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036881878","display_name":"Peter M\u00fcllner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4866-9937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M\u00fcllner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114729869","display_name":"Kerstin Waxnegger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kerstin Waxnegger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092976764","display_name":"Lea Demelius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7449-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lea Demelius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034948934","display_name":"Angela Fessl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-3179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Fessl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114729870","display_name":"Maximilian Toller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Toller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051745413","display_name":"Inti Gabriel Mendoza Estrada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-7948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inti Gabriel Mendoza Estrada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015263969","display_name":"Ilija \u0160imi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0200-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilija \u0160imi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012164072","display_name":"Vedran Sabol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-445X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vedran Sabol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044874685","display_name":"Andreas Tr\u00fcgler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-7894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Tr\u00fcgler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Regional Science, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Regional Science, Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013561691","display_name":"Eduardo Veas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0356-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Veas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014398832","display_name":"Roman Kern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0202-6100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Kern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Interactive Systems and Data Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114729868","display_name":"Tomislav Nad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101287","display_name":"HS-Art Digital Service (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/016pz0d03","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101287"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomislav Nad","raw_affiliation_strings":["SGS Digital Trusts Services GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SGS Digital Trusts Services GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088374460","display_name":"Simone Kopeinik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-7286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088621","display_name":"Know Center Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/004zhad81","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simone Kopeinik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088621"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":16,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071624510","https://openalex.org/A5088374460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182","https://openalex.org/I4210088621"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":12.1854,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98621982,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1467222","last_page":"1467222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7577390670776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.6488028168678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.5879206657409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5824302434921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5619637966156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rigour","display_name":"Rigour","score":0.49452874064445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.46463751792907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4555746912956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.413192480802536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3829864263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.38278070092201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2618069052696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23912596702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.22706973552703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.161189466714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.097624272108078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7577390670776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6488028168678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.5879206657409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5824302434921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5619637966156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71008984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076","display_name":"Rigour","level":2,"score":0.49452874064445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46463751792907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4555746912956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.413192480802536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3829864263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.38278070092201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2618069052696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23912596702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22706973552703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.161189466714859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.097624272108078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39677583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39677583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11638207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11638207","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11638207/pdf/fdata-07-1467222.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67a4365c88244a38aee89c7ec1c5aa5e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67a4365c88244a38aee89c7ec1c5aa5e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310430","display_name":"TU Graz, Internationale Beziehungen und Mobilit\u00e4tsprogramme","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404866590.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404866590.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":223,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1927170233","https://openalex.org/W1977723761","https://openalex.org/W1990165991","https://openalex.org/W2009540753","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2034841618","https://openalex.org/W2045518222","https://openalex.org/W2068181924","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2116666691","https://openalex.org/W2118020692","https://openalex.org/W2126151240","https://openalex.org/W2135581599","https://openalex.org/W2137125422","https://openalex.org/W2148223342","https://openalex.org/W2155858138","https://openalex.org/W2240067561","https://openalex.org/W2296724465","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2508667469","https://openalex.org/W2564147261","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2619904157","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2750144484","https://openalex.org/W2774522520","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2783539613","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2798307294","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2885673189","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2894088191","https://openalex.org/W2911495555","https://openalex.org/W2912546609","https://openalex.org/W2914202940","https://openalex.org/W2915577650","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2940105172","https://openalex.org/W2942227409","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2948288662","https://openalex.org/W2950495522","https://openalex.org/W2951949378","https://openalex.org/W2953369816","https://openalex.org/W2956410971","https://openalex.org/W2962756933","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963852406","https://openalex.org/W2963917042","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2964523010","https://openalex.org/W2966562886","https://openalex.org/W2968511602","https://openalex.org/W2972245603","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2978734815","https://openalex.org/W2979200397","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2982317853","https://openalex.org/W2983044655","https://openalex.org/W2984787657","https://openalex.org/W3001363766","https://openalex.org/W3003794402","https://openalex.org/W3004493409","https://openalex.org/W3007720613","https://openalex.org/W3010919171","https://openalex.org/W3012950066","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3013899790","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3017158675","https://openalex.org/W3020587783","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3030081171","https://openalex.org/W3035264434","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3049338919","https://openalex.org/W3049637327","https://openalex.org/W3064925155","https://openalex.org/W3083379305","https://openalex.org/W3083527131","https://openalex.org/W3083762459","https://openalex.org/W3085380432","https://openalex.org/W3090117266","https://openalex.org/W3091011256","https://openalex.org/W3100385943","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3106489865","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3130337442","https://openalex.org/W3132191748","https://openalex.org/W3133447322","https://openalex.org/W3134751001","https://openalex.org/W3146910547","https://openalex.org/W3158675315","https://openalex.org/W3174208514","https://openalex.org/W3176768410","https://openalex.org/W3178161004","https://openalex.org/W3181262202","https://openalex.org/W3191346550","https://openalex.org/W3195947859","https://openalex.org/W3201938422","https://openalex.org/W3202183072","https://openalex.org/W3203606693","https://openalex.org/W3204683753","https://openalex.org/W3208085992","https://openalex.org/W3215201135","https://openalex.org/W4200191097","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4205561327","https://openalex.org/W4210360375","https://openalex.org/W4214946797","https://openalex.org/W4221142169","https://openalex.org/W4221159886","https://openalex.org/W4223947403","https://openalex.org/W4224903051","https://openalex.org/W4225150645","https://openalex.org/W4225327430","https://openalex.org/W4225935987","https://openalex.org/W4229032427","https://openalex.org/W4240175749","https://openalex.org/W4252080152","https://openalex.org/W4253525579","https://openalex.org/W4283168787","https://openalex.org/W4283172211","https://openalex.org/W4284690203","https://openalex.org/W4285667145","https://openalex.org/W4287077359","https://openalex.org/W4287250129","https://openalex.org/W4287718305","https://openalex.org/W4287728573","https://openalex.org/W4288023307","https://openalex.org/W4288345394","https://openalex.org/W4288346602","https://openalex.org/W4288404646","https://openalex.org/W4289293239","https://openalex.org/W4292121845","https://openalex.org/W4292289324","https://openalex.org/W4293318919","https://openalex.org/W4293768783","https://openalex.org/W4295768443","https://openalex.org/W4298171975","https://openalex.org/W4301409532","https://openalex.org/W4302521434","https://openalex.org/W4303520777","https://openalex.org/W4308947196","https://openalex.org/W4309730097","https://openalex.org/W4310846363","https://openalex.org/W4312920596","https://openalex.org/W4318483431","https://openalex.org/W4318751990","https://openalex.org/W4323256870","https://openalex.org/W4323665822","https://openalex.org/W4324135233","https://openalex.org/W4367313930","https://openalex.org/W4379053346","https://openalex.org/W4381848566","https://openalex.org/W4383860806","https://openalex.org/W4385766743","https://openalex.org/W4385950335","https://openalex.org/W4386564360","https://openalex.org/W4386655753","https://openalex.org/W4386714740","https://openalex.org/W4387637485","https://openalex.org/W4388982727","https://openalex.org/W4389978940","https://openalex.org/W4390723067","https://openalex.org/W4391334978","https://openalex.org/W4399530589","https://openalex.org/W4401218004","https://openalex.org/W4402553424","https://openalex.org/W4402843978","https://openalex.org/W4403430763","https://openalex.org/W6636939093","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6676538461","https://openalex.org/W6678977525","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6684704092","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6744206362","https://openalex.org/W6745027582","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6748458661","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6752738223","https://openalex.org/W6752771859","https://openalex.org/W6754669440","https://openalex.org/W6761719418","https://openalex.org/W6763192249","https://openalex.org/W6765646913","https://openalex.org/W6766263406","https://openalex.org/W6766726207","https://openalex.org/W6776672889","https://openalex.org/W6779698503","https://openalex.org/W6781062409","https://openalex.org/W6785313990","https://openalex.org/W6785976384","https://openalex.org/W6793873418","https://openalex.org/W6796693025","https://openalex.org/W6809967199","https://openalex.org/W6811107879","https://openalex.org/W6846936054","https://openalex.org/W6849858498","https://openalex.org/W6850246949","https://openalex.org/W6854144595","https://openalex.org/W6855741007","https://openalex.org/W6891749594","https://openalex.org/W7014198846","https://openalex.org/W7038183166"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2086338133","https://openalex.org/W110842092","https://openalex.org/W2751556990","https://openalex.org/W2377573520","https://openalex.org/W4367679314","https://openalex.org/W4388699627","https://openalex.org/W2025170215","https://openalex.org/W4211124301","https://openalex.org/W2077044479","https://openalex.org/W3199802296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"technologies":[3],"(re-)shape":[4],"modern":[5],"life,":[6],"driving":[7],"innovation":[8],"in":[9,29,40,139,145,162],"a":[10,33,38,98,154,174,177,182],"wide":[11],"range":[12],"of":[13,63],"sectors.":[14],"However,":[15],"some":[16],"AI":[17,48,65],"systems":[18,49],"have":[19,26],"yielded":[20],"unexpected":[21],"or":[22,25],"undesirable":[23],"outcomes":[24],"been":[27,37],"used":[28],"questionable":[30],"manners.":[31],"As":[32],"result,":[34],"there":[35],"has":[36],"surge":[39],"public":[41,167],"and":[42,72,76,80,84,88,90,106,108,142,152,156,166,180],"academic":[43,164],"discussions":[44],"about":[45],"aspects":[46],"that":[47],"must":[50],"fulfill":[51],"to":[52,128,171],"be":[53,104],"considered":[54],"trustworthy.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,116,149],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,96,114],"synthesize":[60],"existing":[61],"conceptualizations":[62],"trustworthy":[64],"along":[66],"six":[67],"requirements:":[68],"(1)":[69,129],"human":[70],"agency":[71],"oversight,":[73],"(2)":[74,132],"fairness":[75],"non-discrimination,":[77],"(3)":[78,135],"transparency":[79],"explainability,":[81],"(4)":[82,137],"robustness":[83],"accuracy,":[85],"(5)":[86,143],"privacy":[87],"security,":[89],"(6)":[91],"accountability.":[92],"For":[93],"each":[94],"one,":[95],"provide":[97],"definition,":[99],"describe":[100],"how":[101],"it":[102],"can":[103],"established":[105],"evaluated,":[107],"discuss":[109],"requirement-specific":[110],"research":[111,121,186],"challenges.":[112],"Finally,":[113],"conclude":[115],"analysis":[117],"by":[118],"identifying":[119],"overarching":[120],"challenges":[122],"across":[123],"the":[124],"requirements":[125],"with":[126],"respect":[127],"interdisciplinary":[130],"research,":[131],"conceptual":[133],"clarity,":[134],"context-dependency,":[136],"dynamics":[138],"evolving":[140],"systems,":[141],"investigations":[144],"real-world":[146],"contexts.":[147],"Thus,":[148],"paper":[150],"synthesizes":[151],"consolidates":[153],"wide-ranging":[155],"active":[157],"discussion":[158],"currently":[159],"taking":[160],"place":[161],"various":[163],"sub-communities":[165],"forums.":[168],"It":[169],"aims":[170],"serve":[172],"as":[173,181],"reference":[175],"for":[176,184],"broad":[178],"audience":[179],"basis":[183],"future":[185],"directions.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
