{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400303997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","title":"Beyond surveillance: privacy, ethics, and regulations in face recognition technology","display_name":"Beyond surveillance: privacy, ethics, and regulations in face recognition technology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400303997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39027377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061853223","display_name":"Xukang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xukang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sage IT Consulting Group, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sage IT Consulting Group, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101363464","display_name":"Ying Cheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3707-857X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Cheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103216060","display_name":"Mengjie Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2603-2943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023527471","display_name":"Hongpeng Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5580-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongpeng Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khoury College of Computer Science, Northeastern University, Seattle, WA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khoury College of Computer Science, Northeastern University, Seattle, WA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101363464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":11.18,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99074865,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1337465","last_page":"1337465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13877","display_name":"Law in Society and Culture","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights","display_name":"Human rights","score":0.633326530456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.6011353731155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-liberties","display_name":"Civil liberties","score":0.5677177906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislature","display_name":"Legislature","score":0.5567126274108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.553839921951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.5482032299041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.48800984025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4860589802265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4657175540924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.422877699136734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3990498185157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3723721504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3403562903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.278198778629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.2566041946411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.17121580243110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12319222092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.08488729596138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.08359327912330627}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.633326530456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.6011353731155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775923278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29556","display_name":"Civil liberties","level":3,"score":0.5677177906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.5567126274108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.553839921951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5482032299041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.48800984025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4860589802265167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4657175540924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.422877699136734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3990498185157776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3723721504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3403562903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.278198778629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2566041946411133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17121580243110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12319222092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08488729596138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.08359327912330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39027377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39027377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11256005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11256005","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256005/pdf/fdata-07-1337465.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3bc0974f21574f9492a4ada65498be26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3bc0974f21574f9492a4ada65498be26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1337465/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400303997.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400303997.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81175482","https://openalex.org/W179458199","https://openalex.org/W1532097186","https://openalex.org/W1987513159","https://openalex.org/W2081114887","https://openalex.org/W2120083842","https://openalex.org/W2169041879","https://openalex.org/W2187260637","https://openalex.org/W2265356345","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2596193575","https://openalex.org/W2624750421","https://openalex.org/W2656219660","https://openalex.org/W2766289439","https://openalex.org/W2788007910","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2805754451","https://openalex.org/W2811973125","https://openalex.org/W2887961952","https://openalex.org/W2897383465","https://openalex.org/W2910552584","https://openalex.org/W2947110023","https://openalex.org/W2976766564","https://openalex.org/W2985936223","https://openalex.org/W2993801278","https://openalex.org/W2994828068","https://openalex.org/W3004542466","https://openalex.org/W3025835448","https://openalex.org/W3033211022","https://openalex.org/W3036048113","https://openalex.org/W3049623162","https://openalex.org/W3095793737","https://openalex.org/W3120188930","https://openalex.org/W3166371453","https://openalex.org/W3175178738","https://openalex.org/W3186337419","https://openalex.org/W3191159598","https://openalex.org/W3200793067","https://openalex.org/W3203997409","https://openalex.org/W3207246414","https://openalex.org/W4200084114","https://openalex.org/W4220955841","https://openalex.org/W4241052550","https://openalex.org/W4281786795","https://openalex.org/W4281878745","https://openalex.org/W4310736012","https://openalex.org/W4311711203","https://openalex.org/W4312056919","https://openalex.org/W4323322134","https://openalex.org/W4362640471","https://openalex.org/W4366780211","https://openalex.org/W4367046375","https://openalex.org/W4379511925","https://openalex.org/W4382360055","https://openalex.org/W4384818406","https://openalex.org/W4385712638","https://openalex.org/W4386034565","https://openalex.org/W4387960358","https://openalex.org/W6735056811","https://openalex.org/W6739000610","https://openalex.org/W6739908690","https://openalex.org/W6745598623","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6753633219","https://openalex.org/W6772011646","https://openalex.org/W6784148841"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2169196470","https://openalex.org/W3113185420","https://openalex.org/W4237580245","https://openalex.org/W4385368139","https://openalex.org/W2906134827","https://openalex.org/W4322745238","https://openalex.org/W4241245680","https://openalex.org/W3124327509","https://openalex.org/W3200688510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"recognition":[1],"technology":[2],"(FRT)":[3],"has":[4,19],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7],"powerful":[8],"tool":[9],"for":[10,98],"public":[11],"governance":[12,103],"and":[13,28,38,47,53,56,74,88,101,115,125],"security,":[14],"but":[15],"its":[16,113],"rapid":[17],"adoption":[18],"also":[20,64],"raised":[21],"significant":[22],"concerns":[23],"about":[24],"privacy,":[25,75],"civil":[26],"liberties,":[27],"ethical":[29,57],"implications.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32,94],"critically":[33],"examines":[34],"the":[35,43,60,107,119,128],"current":[36,78],"rules":[37],"policies":[39],"governing":[40],"FRT,":[41],"highlighting":[42],"tensions":[44],"between":[45],"state":[46],"corporate":[48],"interests":[49],"on":[50,59],"one":[51],"hand,":[52],"individual":[54,72],"rights":[55,73,91,124],"considerations":[58],"other.":[61],"The":[62,93],"study":[63],"investigates":[65],"international":[66,89],"legal":[67],"frameworks":[68,104],"aimed":[69],"at":[70,127],"protecting":[71],"arguing":[76],"that":[77,105],"legislative":[79],"measures":[80],"often":[81],"fall":[82],"short":[83],"of":[84,109,121,130],"robust":[85],"scholarly":[86],"standards":[87],"human":[90,123],"norms.":[92],"concludes":[95],"with":[96],"recommendations":[97],"developing":[99],"principled":[100],"adaptable":[102],"harness":[106],"benefits":[108],"FRT":[110],"while":[111],"mitigating":[112],"risks":[114],"negative":[116],"impacts,":[117],"underscoring":[118],"importance":[120],"placing":[122],"ethics":[126],"center":[129],"regulating":[131],"this":[132],"transformative":[133],"technology.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
