{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415345765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","title":"A critical appraisal of computer vision in orthodontics","display_name":"A critical appraisal of computer vision in orthodontics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415345765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040177078","display_name":"Elie Amm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-6778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie Amm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079906481","display_name":"Melih Motro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-7804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melih Motro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marc Fisher","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120062088","display_name":"Vlad Surdu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlad Surdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039008149","display_name":"E. Brandon Strong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-4631"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Brandon Strong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xironetic, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110993572","display_name":"Jeffrey Potts","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Potts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090708861","display_name":"Christian El Amm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5637-3998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian El Amm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031226618","display_name":"Suhair Maqusi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suhair Maqusi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, OK, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031226618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25831776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13953","display_name":"Digital Imaging in Medicine","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.588699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guidance-system","display_name":"Guidance system","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereopsis","display_name":"Stereopsis","score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.3061000108718872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7366999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7027000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.588699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201004817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707071","display_name":"Guidance system","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68537008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247932","display_name":"Stereopsis","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36613465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636322","display_name":"3D pose estimation","level":3,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90790637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681118","display_name":"Binocular disparity","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158829959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640606","display_name":"Monocular vision","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121958486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609543","display_name":"Binocular vision","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:280362a09de14daf9621eb7b65efd006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/280362a09de14daf9621eb7b65efd006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality, Vol 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1652074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1783429732","https://openalex.org/W1990919703","https://openalex.org/W2020395533","https://openalex.org/W2063868877","https://openalex.org/W2424212925","https://openalex.org/W2921158666","https://openalex.org/W2963675327","https://openalex.org/W3134239726","https://openalex.org/W3179571054","https://openalex.org/W4294669695","https://openalex.org/W4317497215","https://openalex.org/W4321376147","https://openalex.org/W4382813947","https://openalex.org/W4385604048","https://openalex.org/W4386081151","https://openalex.org/W4405694067","https://openalex.org/W4406780029","https://openalex.org/W4409966792"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective":[0],"To":[1],"evaluate":[2],"the":[3,208,241,245],"precision":[4,137,144,218],"of":[5,35,162,180,199,207],"a":[6,56,83,91,159,264],"computer":[7],"vision":[8,174],"(CV)":[9],"and":[10,22,55,68,75,88,109,122,127,132,175,182,235,261,271],"augmented":[11],"reality":[12],"(AR)":[13],"pipeline":[14],"for":[15,154,229,247,267],"orthodontic":[16],"applications,":[17],"specifically":[18],"in":[19,32,102,125,219,226,274],"direct":[20],"bonding":[21],"temporary":[23],"anchorage":[24],"device":[25],"(TAD)":[26],"placement,":[27],"by":[28],"quantifying":[29],"system":[30,79,215,254],"accuracy":[31,198],"six":[33],"degrees":[34],"freedom":[36],"(6DOF)":[37],"pose":[38,143,184,221],"estimation.":[39],"Methods":[40],"A":[41],"custom":[42],"keypoint":[43,200],"detection":[44,201],"model":[45],"(YOLOv8n-pose)":[46],"was":[47,80,100,145,202],"trained":[48,209],"using":[49,90,105],"over":[50],"1.5":[51],"million":[52],"synthetic":[53],"images":[54],"supplemental":[57],"manually":[58],"annotated":[59],"dataset.":[60],"Thirty":[61],"anatomical":[62],"landmarks":[63],"were":[64,120,130],"defined":[65],"across":[66],"maxillary":[67],"mandibular":[69],"arches":[70],"to":[71,186,192],"maximize":[72],"geometric":[73],"reliability":[74],"visual":[76],"detectability.":[77],"The":[78,212,253],"deployed":[81],"on":[82,172,258],"Microsoft":[84],"HoloLens":[85],"2":[86],"headset":[87,181],"tested":[89],"fixed":[92],"typodont":[93],"setup":[94],"at":[95],"55":[96],"cm.":[97],"Pose":[98],"estimation":[99,129,239],"performed":[101],"\u201ccamera":[103],"space\u201d":[104,113],"Perspective-n-Point":[106],"(PnP)":[107],"methods":[108],"transformed":[110],"into":[111],"\u201cworld":[112],"via":[114],"AR":[115],"spatial":[116,194],"tracking.":[117],"Thirty-four":[118],"poses":[119],"collected":[121],"analyzed.":[123],"Errors":[124],"planar":[126,142,220],"depth":[128,155],"modeled":[131],"experimentally":[133],"measured.":[134],"Results":[135],"Rotational":[136],"remained":[138],"below":[139],"1\u00b0,":[140],"while":[141],"sub-millimetric":[146],"(X:":[147],"0.46":[148],"mm,":[149],"Y:":[150],"0.30":[151],"mm),":[152],"except":[153],"(Z),":[156],"which":[157],"showed":[158],"standard":[160],"deviation":[161],"5.01":[163],"mm.":[164],"These":[165],"findings":[166],"aligned":[167],"with":[168],"theoretical":[169],"predictions":[170],"based":[171],"stereo":[173],"time-of-flight":[176],"sensor":[177,248],"limitations.":[178],"Integration":[179],"object":[183],"led":[185],"increased":[187],"Y-axis":[188],"variability,":[189],"possibly":[190],"due":[191],"compounded":[193],"tracking":[195],"error.":[196],"Sub-pixel":[197],"achieved,":[203],"confirming":[204],"high":[205,217],"performance":[206],"detector.":[210],"Conclusion":[211],"proposed":[213],"CV-AR":[214],"demonstrated":[216],"estimation,":[222],"enabling":[223],"potential":[224],"use":[225],"clinical":[227,269],"orthodontics":[228],"tasks":[230],"such":[231],"as":[232,263],"TAD":[233],"placement":[234],"bracket":[236],"positioning.":[237],"Depth":[238],"remains":[240],"primary":[242],"limitation,":[243],"suggesting":[244],"need":[246],"fusion":[249],"or":[250],"multi-angle":[251],"views.":[252],"supports":[255],"real-time":[256],"deployment":[257],"mobile":[259],"platforms":[260],"serves":[262],"foundational":[265],"tool":[266],"further":[268],"validation":[270],"AR-guided":[272],"procedures":[273],"dentistry.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}