{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414443612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","title":"Effects of stress on perceptual learning in a virtual reality environment","display_name":"Effects of stress on perceptual learning in a virtual reality environment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414443612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072237237","display_name":"John Cass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-6850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Cass","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101238640","display_name":"Wing Hong Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing Hong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385634","display_name":"Yanping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0412-2748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114078057","display_name":"Larissa Cahill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3139952251","display_name":"Department of Defence","ror":"https://ror.org/051wnqr14","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larissa Cahill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Defence, Defence Sciences Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Defence, Defence Sciences Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021391451","display_name":"Gabrielle Weidemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-8089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63525965","display_name":"Western Sydney University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t52dk35","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Weidemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072237237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63525965"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.7676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73931301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.6442000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-perception","display_name":"Visual perception","score":0.42649999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.6442000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.6219000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22033958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167036","display_name":"Perceptual learning","level":3,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111370547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451120","display_name":"Sensory cue","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eaddccdafb064fb3b9e39fffb40f3f60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eaddccdafb064fb3b9e39fffb40f3f60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality, Vol 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1623584/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335334","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414443612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414443612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W260994251","https://openalex.org/W1607171655","https://openalex.org/W1921678513","https://openalex.org/W1978581712","https://openalex.org/W1980838652","https://openalex.org/W1988773134","https://openalex.org/W1999535673","https://openalex.org/W2006628933","https://openalex.org/W2009903348","https://openalex.org/W2011352214","https://openalex.org/W2046385970","https://openalex.org/W2053963301","https://openalex.org/W2055224036","https://openalex.org/W2062070868","https://openalex.org/W2062149304","https://openalex.org/W2070722029","https://openalex.org/W2071256705","https://openalex.org/W2073800390","https://openalex.org/W2076999429","https://openalex.org/W2080785458","https://openalex.org/W2101784763","https://openalex.org/W2103352010","https://openalex.org/W2106502268","https://openalex.org/W2122896223","https://openalex.org/W2125182337","https://openalex.org/W2137701243","https://openalex.org/W2156594312","https://openalex.org/W2160780129","https://openalex.org/W2254509181","https://openalex.org/W2338820650","https://openalex.org/W2560762784","https://openalex.org/W2730513191","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2785750890","https://openalex.org/W2897222035","https://openalex.org/W2907136412","https://openalex.org/W2923970146","https://openalex.org/W3020472209","https://openalex.org/W3032018753","https://openalex.org/W3081086280","https://openalex.org/W3150954917","https://openalex.org/W3183696737","https://openalex.org/W3189880622","https://openalex.org/W4230533283","https://openalex.org/W4238878716","https://openalex.org/W4242973063","https://openalex.org/W4281972334","https://openalex.org/W4310057519","https://openalex.org/W4318766170","https://openalex.org/W4377941008","https://openalex.org/W4385564751","https://openalex.org/W4390151642","https://openalex.org/W4409140261","https://openalex.org/W4409198919"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"investigates":[3],"two":[4],"key":[5],"questions":[6],"in":[7,17,94,138,148,215],"perceptual":[8,54],"learning":[9,158],"using":[10,227],"a":[11,18,121,221],"ten-day":[12],"visual":[13,32,41,191],"training":[14,29,109,116,217],"protocol":[15],"embedded":[16],"first-person":[19],"shooter":[20],"(FPS)":[21],"task":[22,65,155],"within":[23],"virtual":[24],"reality":[25],"(VR):":[26],"(1)":[27],"whether":[28,45],"improves":[30],"the":[31,40,130,205,208],"system\u2019s":[33],"ability":[34],"to":[35,92,143],"integrate":[36],"orientation":[37],"information":[38],"across":[39],"field,":[42],"and":[43,49,86,97,110,212,219,230],"(2)":[44],"aversive":[46],"electrodermal":[47],"stimulation":[48],"associated":[50],"stress":[51,225],"levels":[52],"influence":[53],"performance":[55,156],"and/or":[56],"learning.":[57],"Method":[58],"17":[59],"participants":[60],"successfully":[61],"completed":[62],"an":[63,171],"orientation-averaging":[64],"involving":[66],"Gabor":[67],"arrays":[68],"of":[69,180,200,210],"varying":[70],"set-sizes":[71],"(1,":[72],"2,":[73],"4,":[74],"or":[75,123,157,184,197],"8":[76],"elements)":[77],"under":[78],"three":[79],"shock":[80,140,182],"conditions:":[81],"no":[82],"shock,":[83,85],"performance-contingent":[84],"random":[87],"shock.":[88],"Results":[89],"Training":[90],"led":[91],"improvements":[93],"both":[95,139],"accuracy":[96,168],"response":[98],"times,":[99],"while":[100],"increasing":[101],"set-size":[102,111,164],"monotonically":[103],"impaired":[104],"performance.":[105],"The":[106],"interaction":[107],"between":[108],"was":[112],"weak,":[113],"suggesting":[114],"that":[115,190],"benefits":[117],"likely":[118],"emerge":[119],"at":[120],"post-integration":[122],"decisional":[124],"stage.":[125],"Stress":[126],"responses,":[127],"indexed":[128],"by":[129],"State-Trait":[131],"Anxiety":[132],"Inventory":[133],"(STAI),":[134],"confirmed":[135],"elevated":[136],"anxiety":[137,150,229],"conditions":[141],"compared":[142],"control.":[144],"However,":[145],"this":[146],"increase":[147],"state":[149],"did":[151,161],"not":[152],"reliably":[153],"affect":[154],"outcomes,":[159],"nor":[160],"it":[162],"modulate":[163],"effects.":[165],"Notably,":[166],"participants\u2019":[167],"degraded":[169],"when":[170],"on-screen":[172],"health":[173],"bar":[174],"depicted":[175],"lower":[176],"\u201chealth\u201d":[177],"levels,":[178],"regardless":[179],"actual":[181],"delivery":[183],"contingency.":[185],"Discussion":[186],"These":[187],"findings":[188],"indicate":[189],"feedback":[192],"cues":[193],"can":[194],"shape":[195],"engagement":[196],"motivation":[198],"independently":[199],"experienced":[201],"stress.":[202],"More":[203],"broadly,":[204],"results":[206],"underscore":[207],"role":[209],"motivational":[211],"attentional":[213],"mechanisms":[214],"immersive":[216],"environments":[218],"provide":[220],"framework":[222],"for":[223],"evaluating":[224],"effects":[226],"subjective":[228],"objective":[231],"psychophysical":[232],"measures.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}