{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411291851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","title":"Social facilitation within immersive virtual reality enhances perseverance in stroke rehabilitation training","display_name":"Social facilitation within immersive virtual reality enhances perseverance in stroke rehabilitation training","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411291851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080796186","display_name":"Christos Hadjipanayi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-5406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Hadjipanayi","raw_affiliation_strings":["GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044409410","display_name":"Dimitris Sokratous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-4349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55905543","display_name":"Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggsp920","country_code":"CY","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55905543"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Sokratous","raw_affiliation_strings":["GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","Physiotherapy Unit, Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physiotherapy Unit, Neurology Clinics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55905543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075874214","display_name":"Christos Kyrlitsias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0810-1685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Kyrlitsias","raw_affiliation_strings":["GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082990701","display_name":"Domna Banakou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0974-6971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE","CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domna Banakou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","Interactive Media, Arts and Humanities Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interactive Media, Arts and Humanities Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082810494","display_name":"Despina Michael\u2010Grigoriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-7684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Despina Michael-Grigoriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GET Lab, Department of Multimedia and Graphic Arts, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082810494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.4296,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.811872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facilitation","display_name":"Facilitation","score":0.7793339490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7064576745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.6117194890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5846007466316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-facilitation","display_name":"Social facilitation","score":0.48191073536872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.47376516461372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.3907884359359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.3739010691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3649267554283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3348657488822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.33018702268600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2642154097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18682679533958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.07062831521034241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1337776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941955","display_name":"Facilitation","level":2,"score":0.7793339490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7064576745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.6117194890975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5846007466316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37310437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535412","display_name":"Social facilitation","level":2,"score":0.48191073536872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.47376516461372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3907884359359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3739010691642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3649267554283142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3348657488822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.33018702268600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2642154097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18682679533958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07062831521034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7001880f5db646be88c7e245e6c11e69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7001880f5db646be88c7e245e6c11e69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality, Vol 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/virtual-reality/articles/10.3389/frvir.2025.1581240/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228137","display_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","issn_l":"2673-4192","issn":["2673-4192"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1108090601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MICHAIL-300155-310200-3319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310605","funder_display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310605","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313981","display_name":"University of Cyprus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qjrjx09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330069","display_name":"Tamkeen","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411291851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411291851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497431575","https://openalex.org/W1847168837","https://openalex.org/W1905931265","https://openalex.org/W1967495406","https://openalex.org/W1982745636","https://openalex.org/W1987539631","https://openalex.org/W2001383996","https://openalex.org/W2007171232","https://openalex.org/W2025984903","https://openalex.org/W2031168604","https://openalex.org/W2044295823","https://openalex.org/W2058364697","https://openalex.org/W2078959369","https://openalex.org/W2090017106","https://openalex.org/W2094659717","https://openalex.org/W2115355987","https://openalex.org/W2117843795","https://openalex.org/W2122254869","https://openalex.org/W2123139514","https://openalex.org/W2126197399","https://openalex.org/W2157443850","https://openalex.org/W2163580112","https://openalex.org/W2187324946","https://openalex.org/W2239552100","https://openalex.org/W2279234281","https://openalex.org/W2623378768","https://openalex.org/W2624870995","https://openalex.org/W2732421904","https://openalex.org/W2772583570","https://openalex.org/W2796434225","https://openalex.org/W2895512862","https://openalex.org/W2895547090","https://openalex.org/W2896735034","https://openalex.org/W2900597686","https://openalex.org/W2908950256","https://openalex.org/W2911410112","https://openalex.org/W2928442908","https://openalex.org/W2968093058","https://openalex.org/W2973266615","https://openalex.org/W2986942903","https://openalex.org/W2997998108","https://openalex.org/W2998016156","https://openalex.org/W3001508348","https://openalex.org/W3006864780","https://openalex.org/W3019585096","https://openalex.org/W3028970876","https://openalex.org/W3034552839","https://openalex.org/W3045206212","https://openalex.org/W3087226138","https://openalex.org/W3102879020","https://openalex.org/W3108624613","https://openalex.org/W3110670921","https://openalex.org/W3131739285","https://openalex.org/W3140090168","https://openalex.org/W3172331839","https://openalex.org/W3179845204","https://openalex.org/W3186289503","https://openalex.org/W3205595721","https://openalex.org/W4205463391","https://openalex.org/W4205591795","https://openalex.org/W4210448803","https://openalex.org/W4210587280","https://openalex.org/W4225694725","https://openalex.org/W4244412126","https://openalex.org/W4285395478","https://openalex.org/W4285417645","https://openalex.org/W4317548919","https://openalex.org/W4366602245","https://openalex.org/W4380927355","https://openalex.org/W4391541367","https://openalex.org/W4392238274","https://openalex.org/W4402292533","https://openalex.org/W4407002810","https://openalex.org/W6641963652","https://openalex.org/W6677157924","https://openalex.org/W6683650854","https://openalex.org/W6695214279","https://openalex.org/W6787464500","https://openalex.org/W6866455730"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389665146","https://openalex.org/W2054780009","https://openalex.org/W2057697413","https://openalex.org/W2803593556","https://openalex.org/W2150262029","https://openalex.org/W4295631035","https://openalex.org/W2066350225","https://openalex.org/W2348517642","https://openalex.org/W2480137527","https://openalex.org/W2144223022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Integrating":[1],"social":[2,24],"interaction":[3],"into":[4],"stroke":[5,35,58,171],"rehabilitation":[6,30,183],"is":[7],"recommended":[8],"but":[9],"often":[10],"underutilized":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,22,38,133],"limited":[14],"resources.":[15],"Virtual":[16],"Reality":[17],"(VR)":[18],"offers":[19],"a":[20,79,93,98,102,129,159],"way":[21],"introduce":[23],"facilitation":[25],"via":[26],"virtual":[27,39,94,130,144,160],"agents":[28,40],"in":[29,78,169,177],"training.":[31],"Understanding":[32],"how":[33],"chronic":[34,57],"survivors":[36,59],"respond":[37],"can":[41,162],"inform":[42],"physiotherapy":[43],"practice":[44,189],"with":[45,64,68,92,128],"innovative":[46],"digital":[47],"tools.":[48],"Methods":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"presents":[52],"five":[53],"case":[54],"studies":[55],"of":[56,70,142,180],"(2":[60],"female,":[61],"3":[62],"male)":[63],"motor":[65],"impairments,":[66],"all":[67,120],"paresis":[69],"the":[71,137,140,143,178],"dominant":[72],"right":[73],"upper":[74,81],"limb.":[75],"Participants":[76,117],"engaged":[77],"VR-based":[80,170],"limb":[82],"exergame":[83],"under":[84],"two":[85],"conditions:":[86],"playing":[87,90,127,134],"alone":[88],"and":[89,109,166,185,190],"alongside":[91],"agent,":[95],"acting":[96],"as":[97],"second-player,":[99],"controlled":[100],"by":[101],"rule-based":[103],"algorithm.":[104],"Rehabilitation":[105],"progress,":[106],"task":[107,164],"performance,":[108],"engagement":[110,125,165],"were":[111],"examined":[112],"across":[113],"training":[114],"sessions.":[115],"Results":[116],"who":[118],"completed":[119],"sessions":[121],"showed":[122],"consistently":[123],"higher":[124],"when":[126],"agent":[131,161],"compared":[132],"alone.":[135],"At":[136],"same":[138],"time,":[139],"presence":[141],"co-player":[145],"had":[146],"no":[147],"observable":[148],"effect":[149],"on":[150],"game":[151],"performance.":[152],"Discussion":[153],"These":[154],"findings":[155],"suggest":[156],"that":[157],"incorporating":[158],"enhance":[163],"promote":[167],"perseverance":[168],"rehabilitation.":[172],"The":[173],"results":[174],"are":[175,193],"discussed":[176],"context":[179],"current":[181],"VR":[182],"practices,":[184],"implications":[186],"for":[187],"clinical":[188],"future":[191],"research":[192],"outlined.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}