{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130654451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","title":"Robots and AI are not one moral category: why the distinction matters for ethical and conscious systems","display_name":"Robots and AI are not one moral category: why the distinction matters for ethical and conscious systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130654451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41799788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126447709","display_name":"Ahmet K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckuncular","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69050122","display_name":"Near East University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8svs93","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckuncular","raw_affiliation_strings":["Near East University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Near East University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126447709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69050122"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":13.73,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98284398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1776097","last_page":"1776097"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7038000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7038000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.14350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.02199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.6991000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situated","display_name":"Situated","score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-agency","display_name":"Moral agency","score":0.6075000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.60589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentience","display_name":"Sentience","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.3732999861240387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.6991000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11883221","display_name":"Moral agency","level":2,"score":0.6075000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.60589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780865100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488994","display_name":"Sentience","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24726157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23407","display_name":"Philosophy of mind","level":3,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19766214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4880688","display_name":"Behavior-based robotics","level":4,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93474598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662553","display_name":"Information ethics","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59377095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538733","display_name":"Applied ethics","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207665656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5403493","display_name":"Ethics of technology","level":4,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776768071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5403402","display_name":"Ethical decision","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192327766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038799","display_name":"Cognitive robotics","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111476811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190255","display_name":"Moral responsibility","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29554801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147027","display_name":"Thought experiment","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41799788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41799788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12962884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12962884/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12962884/pdf/frobt-13-1776097.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1776097/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8000877499580383,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130654451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130654451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W393180982","https://openalex.org/W2023015865","https://openalex.org/W2032160998","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2080429076","https://openalex.org/W2087710120","https://openalex.org/W2094251476","https://openalex.org/W2116547831","https://openalex.org/W2131227926","https://openalex.org/W2143063108","https://openalex.org/W2557671501","https://openalex.org/W2765831433","https://openalex.org/W2792435043","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W3153323711","https://openalex.org/W4311184832","https://openalex.org/W4367053183","https://openalex.org/W4385200370","https://openalex.org/W4387873581","https://openalex.org/W4391444208","https://openalex.org/W4394806299","https://openalex.org/W4399361556","https://openalex.org/W4409868597","https://openalex.org/W4416792132","https://openalex.org/W4416797657"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Calls":[0],"that":[1,41,117,135,302,366,495,542,555,610,685,841,854,999,1026,1049,1079,1088,1137,1272,1517,1533,1596,1741,1783,1836,1858,1943,1985,2102,2120,2142,2273,2352,2373,2453,2500,2549,2564,2585,2600,2656,2724,2790,2874,2914,3010,3132,3170,3204,3214,3230,3244,3252],"pair":[2],"ethical":[3,8,171,195,246,342,377,444,511,608,663,726,741,761,828,858,883,902,958,1045,1125,1253,2326,2333,2353,2455,2460,2520,2707,2741,2774,2864,2893,3037,3045,3050,3122,3171,3217,3272],"and":[4,9,21,44,68,91,119,156,206,232,247,267,298,307,350,369,378,417,437,473,486,515,524,538,618,673,675,751,767,834,876,937,944,969,1047,1057,1063,1072,1096,1121,1132,1176,1192,1218,1230,1297,1305,1327,1338,1348,1351,1367,1405,1411,1441,1470,1494,1519,1535,1545,1552,1568,1594,1642,1715,1747,1761,1773,1794,1813,1815,1830,1840,1887,1898,1906,1924,1953,1976,1994,2022,2026,2050,2112,2130,2145,2151,2160,2199,2204,2223,2232,2246,2259,2297,2317,2327,2334,2376,2396,2404,2424,2474,2504,2533,2546,2569,2604,2609,2638,2653,2681,2704,2732,2769,2792,2803,2821,2843,2865,2896,2920,2954,2969,2996,3007,3046,3049,3051,3082,3089,3095,3127,3173,3185,3208,3218,3221,3250],"conscious":[5,10,248,379,1640,1643,1658,1680,1695,1965,2328,2335,2866,3047,3052,3067,3219],"AI":[6,23,42,69,125,405,423,450,634,784,897,942,959,991,1246,1274,1481,1641,1746,1875,2308,2336,2387,2624,2763,2844,3048,3220],"with":[7,294,2133,2337],"robots":[11,17,221,306,667,1289,1532,1563,1588,1644,1748,1866,2098,2126,2329,2643,3053,3222],"may":[12,403,1431,1478,1498,1616,1628,2846,2964],"feel":[13],"natural.":[14],"Many":[15],"contemporary":[16],"use":[18],"machine":[19,2447],"learning,":[20],"many":[22,140,422],"systems":[24,200,380,424,855,898,2407,2632,3119,3134,3203],"are":[25,47,209,513,686,769,1027,1089,1399,1413,1541,1742,1749,1833,1896,2089,2330,2484,2985,2997,3044,3084,3205],"described":[26],"in":[27,58,98,121,139,146,187,269,300,320,456,624,743,753,818,843,952,994,1034,1044,1104,1114,1309,1401,1439,1449,1531,1581,1584,1614,1688,1775,1867,2061,2380,2434,2537,2743,2826,2831,2944,2958,3013,3066,3070,3125,3136,3192],"agentive":[28],"terms.":[29],"Yet":[30,1021],"the":[31,48,112,122,190,194,216,383,394,398,449,453,460,496,534,556,568,585,661,690,730,746,772,802,956,1084,1091,1097,1193,1244,1263,1266,1457,1464,1607,1610,1654,1689,1709,1752,1762,1888,1894,1899,1918,1925,1951,1954,2004,2007,2024,2065,2076,2087,2170,2200,2206,2242,2304,2319,2345,2381,2419,2428,2623,2673,2679,2767,2795,2815,2834,2839,2900,2911,2978,2986,2991,2998,3003,3018,3022,3041,3055,3110,3159,3163,3179,3231],"pairing":[32,1638],"can":[33,136,373,544,590,606,635,830,856,899,947,1007,1016,1118,1213,1216,1219,1255,1290,1300,1548,1564,1860,1876,1958,1988,2053,2082,2127,2148,2290,2309,2369,2430,2530,2657,2727,2776,2939,3254],"hide":[34],"a":[35,71,130,169,176,359,418,464,504,559,580,700,709,754,797,806,814,822,845,1012,1070,1073,1105,1155,1221,1402,1495,1625,1647,1677,1685,1694,1701,1757,1780,2338,2435,2538,2591,2596,2736,2858,2870,2925,2982,3027,3059,3147,3199,3238],"conceptual":[36,2582,2877],"shortcut.":[37],"It":[38,173,182,458,508,2853,3161,3197],"quietly":[39],"suggests":[40,1803,2119,3058],"ethics":[43,46,850,943,946,1023,1482,2448,2513],"robot":[45,235,402,454,589,786,945,998,1022,1075,1117,1477,1626,1827,1957,2008,2186,2529,2626],"same":[49,662,1611,1655,1690,2005,3019,3111],"moral":[50,73,81,217,348,561,864,894,1067,1608,1668,1686,1787,1798,1819,1852,1879,1986,1995,2020,2122,2150,2175,2178,2207,2215,2226,2234,2346,2371,2391,2425,3093,3140],"question":[51,1754,1764,3112],"applied":[52,1428,2762],"to":[53,192,212,392,613,621,715,796,881,916,934,1029,1313,1319,1437,1490,1507,1711,1865,1932,2033,2043,2057,2154,2558,2672,2702,2714,2783,2788,2924,2990,3002,3024,3033,3166,3178,3257,3263],"different":[54,549,910,949,953,2277,2400,2942],"shells.":[55],"My":[56,3225],"claim":[57],"this":[59,356,789,826,1385,1455,2526,2692,2754],"opinion":[60],"piece":[61],"is":[62,89,102,108,126,165,226,252,260,391,446,459,482,494,502,558,565,572,602,711,801,842,992,1060,1076,1108,1153,1199,1205,1247,1271,1318,1387,1417,1435,1445,1456,1524,1528,1664,1704,1759,1901,1944,2221,2272,2324,2342,2351,2471,2589,2620,2694,2699,2735,2756,2781,2895,3011,3069,3194,3198,3223,3228],"modest":[63],"but":[64,104,144,407,490,567,907,1391,1447,1893,2075,2314,2595,2787],"consequential:":[65],"treating":[66,2512],"robotics":[67,488,1426,1582,2759,2842],"as":[70,111,129,150,168,175,463,657,665,913,1011,1160,1281,1331,1355,1427,1512,1599,1619,1631,1693,1719,1811,1961,1972,2099,2244,2361,2514,2664,2760,3109],"single":[72,2592],"category":[74,77,950,1419,2072,3248],"encourages":[75,677],"avoidable":[76],"mistakes":[78,951,1420],"about":[79,215,255,262,376,681,893,2014,2023,2108,2124,2917,3036],"where":[80,84,203,224,1418,2046,2622,2897,2948,2961],"agency":[82,523,530,682,2047],"sits,":[83],"harms":[85,672,1321,1398],"arise,":[86],"how":[87,764,1242,1766,2104,2238],"responsibility":[88,351,2068,2466,2480,2506,2635,2671,2808,2921,3008,3186],"attributed,":[90],"what":[92,800,1041,1158,1227,1434,1444,1468,1713,2247,2889],"consciousness":[93,525,684,1722,1767,2051,2187,2222,3115,3144,3174],"claims":[94,375,680,1769,2282,2916,3035],"could":[95,2906],"plausibly":[96,1670],"mean":[97,2940],"deployed":[99],"systems.The":[100],"overlap":[101,326,927],"real":[103,270,1776,2650],"not":[105,166,253,503,573,687,1077,1202,1261,1388,1542,1997,2331,2356,2485,2524,2590,2695,2782,2847,3157,3195],"identity.":[106],"Robotics":[107],"best":[109,127],"understood":[110,128],"engineering":[113,576],"of":[114,132,197,219,264,386,500,551,570,575,718,732,749,836,847,922,955,973,1086,1094,1134,1223,1236,1241,1265,1369,1384,1408,1461,1639,1755,1765,1854,1890,2029,2067,2202,2256,2321,2344,2383,2414,2446,2540,2598,2670,2678,2819,2892,3005,3073,3241,3271],"embodied":[115,334,399,666,811,1116,1450,2367,2642,2946],"artefacts":[116,2034],"sense":[118,1222,1692,2437],"act":[120],"physical":[123,204,586,642,1211,1592,2547,2648,2768],"world.":[124],"family":[131,2597],"computational":[133,331,395,808],"techniques":[134],"be":[137,519,857,1119,1256,1617,1629,1684,1771,1785,1959,1989,2128,2291,2431,2509,2535,2711,2728,2777,3235,3255],"embedded":[138,993,2536],"artefacts,":[141],"including":[142,466,2254,3092],"robots,":[143,1856,2155,2753],"also":[145,261,409,900,1154,1645,1849,1877,2310,2710,3130],"disembodied":[147,198,633,807,1013,1167,1273,1496,1585,1681,2044,2386,2959,3133],"services":[148],"such":[149,912,1280,1330,1354,1810,1971],"decision":[151,257,2970],"support":[152,1138],"tools,":[153],"recommender":[154,1106],"systems,":[155,2867],"conversational":[157,1885],"agents":[158,309,547,860,865,885,904,2461],"(Riesen,":[159,475,2902,2972],"2025).":[160,2138,2166,2268],"The":[161,443,782,1066,1252,1381,1914,2071,2269,2340,2348,2718,2779,3151],"distinction":[162,357,787,1915,2627,3152],"defended":[163,3154],"here":[164,3227],"offered":[167],"new":[170],"theory.":[172],"functions":[174,1714],"scoping":[177],"rule":[178],"for":[179,243,362,702,977,1721,1921,2018,2084,2158,2173,2185,2451,2553,2685,3118,3201],"interdisciplinary":[180,1453,3245],"work.":[181,2883],"helps":[183,531,1395],"prevent":[184],"recurring":[185],"errors":[186],"evaluation,":[188,805,1046],"especially":[189],"tendency":[191],"import":[193,213],"agenda":[196,960],"algorithmic":[199,963],"into":[201,222,358,584,1322],"contexts":[202,223],"presence":[205,497,1593],"bodily":[207,616,1064,1356,2955],"interaction":[208,692,1491,1900,2295,2654,3181],"decisive,":[210],"or":[211,452,498,595,651,683,735,813,920,1004,1111,1285,1371,1635,1934,2064,2490,2675,2851,3030,3039,3269],"debates":[214],"status":[218,2176,2216,2281,3141],"social":[220,971,1207,1365,1537,1855,1969,1992,2152,2312,3090],"there":[225,1663,2220],"no":[227,229,233,426,2090,2182],"body,":[228],"situated":[230],"action,":[231],"human":[234,1135,1197,1826,2016,2190,2252,2555,2566,2587,2680,3097],"relationship":[236],"(Moon":[237,626,756,1248,1373],"et":[238,273,311,314,440,627,695,757,980,983,1149,1249,1342,1345,1374,1731,1822,1844,2036,2136,2164,2229,2266,2616,2930,3076,3101,3104],"al.,":[239,274,312,315,441,628,696,758,981,984,1150,1250,1343,1346,1375,1732,1823,1845,2037,2137,2165,2230,2267,2617,2931,3077,3102,3105],"2021;Torras,":[240,629],"2024).This":[241],"matters":[242,1916,2157],"research":[244,363,703,1053,1802,2408,2612,2862,3212],"on":[245,528,1463,1672,1676,1727,2863,2935],"systems.":[249,335],"Ethical":[250],"performance":[251],"only":[254,1998],"internal":[256,733,2516,2745],"rules;":[258],"it":[259,408,676,938,1394,1466,1627,1699,1963,2646],"pathways":[263,932],"influence,":[265],"constraint,":[266],"harm":[268,346,1087,2820,3006,3183],"settings":[271],"(Mittelstadt":[272,439,694],"2016;Santoni":[275],"De":[276,775,1142,2573],"Sio":[277,776,1143,2574],"&":[278,477,777,867,1018,1144,1377,1574,1871,2262,2439,2442,2575,2749],"Van":[279,778,1145,2576],"Den":[280,779,1146,2577],"Hoven,":[281,780,1147,2578],"2018).":[282,781,2579],"Consciousness":[283],"claims,":[284,1723,2217],"if":[285,658,1698,1962,2181,3064,3143],"they":[286,659],"ever":[287,3145],"become":[288,882,901,1421,1930],"technically":[289],"serious,":[290],"will":[291,1770,2240,2709],"still":[292,431,1485,2534,2880],"intersect":[293],"embodiment,":[295],"user":[296,471,2110,2161,2544],"perception,":[297],"accountability":[299,768,2159,2405,2560,2822],"ways":[301,1560,1869],"differ":[303,1936],"sharply":[304],"between":[305,832,1069,2411],"software":[308,1440,1615],"(Dehaene":[310,1730,2228,3075],"2017;Gray":[313],"2007).":[316,1824],"Accordingly,":[317],"I":[318,324,337,354,2868],"proceed":[319],"three":[321,721],"steps.":[322],"First,":[323],"separate":[325,393,935,1320],"from":[327,333,397,1792,2177,2250,3026],"equivalence":[328,929],"by":[329,344,689,791,872,886,905,1164,1258,1262,1624,1991,1999,2488,2511,3087,3168,3237],"distinguishing":[330],"cores":[332],"Second,":[336],"show":[338,2141],"why":[339,533,940,1048,1604,1705,2325,2497,2505,2691],"embodiment":[340,501,820,1042,1259,1605,1967,2315,2498,2898,3074,3088,3267],"changes":[341,1043,1083,1226,1606,2103],"evaluation":[343,1126,1169,2791,2987,3172],"altering":[345],"profiles,":[347],"appearance,":[349,1880],"pathways.":[352],"Third,":[353],"translate":[355],"practical":[360,1311,1459,1763,2171,2349,2629],"discipline":[361,701,790,3240],"communication,":[364],"so":[365,2913,3243,3251],"authors,":[367],"reviewers,":[368],"governance":[370,1058,1392,2077,2377,2605,2793,2999],"oriented":[371],"readers":[372],"assess":[374],"without":[381,553,640,861,928,2300,2457,2837],"conflating":[382],"relevant":[384,520,691,989,1863,2194],"object":[385,445],"evaluation.A":[387],"useful":[388,1269,2737],"starting":[389],"point":[390,481,2271,2780],"core":[396],"system.":[400],"A":[401,588,996,1268,1476,1679,1956,2039,2365,2528,3211],"include":[404],"modules,":[406],"includes":[410],"sensors,":[411,2799],"actuators,":[412],"safety":[413,1842],"interlocks,":[414],"mechanical":[415,1186],"design,":[416,1054,1131,2197],"deployment":[419,1404,2298,2827],"environment.":[420],"Conversely,":[421],"have":[425,1210,2454],"body":[427,605,2341],"at":[428,548,719,2210,2910,3188],"all,":[429],"yet":[430],"shape":[432,1797,2149],"behaviour":[433,742,1595,1729,2470,2571,2708,2775],"through":[434,644,909,1277,1293,1364,1591,1882,1904,1927,2294,2393,2561,2636,2647],"information,":[435],"ranking,":[436,1282],"gatekeeping":[438],"2016).":[442,697,985],"therefore":[447,1039,1736,2224,3155],"rarely":[448],"model":[451],"platform":[455],"isolation.":[457],"sociotechnical":[461,485,816,2785],"arrangement":[462,817],"whole,":[465],"design":[467,2114,2375,2562],"choices,":[468],"organisational":[469,2682,2770,2804],"incentives,":[470,2541],"practices,":[472],"regulation":[474],"2025;Vallor":[476],"Vierkant,":[478,2443],"2024).":[479,630,1151,1380,2038,2444,2618,2932],"This":[480,698,1037,1123,1152,1601,1734,2323,2494,2619],"familiar":[483],"within":[484,924,2069],"responsible":[487,2433],"approaches,":[489],"my":[491],"present":[492,1912],"emphasis":[493],"absence":[499,2382],"minor":[505],"implementation":[506],"detail.":[507],"alters":[509],"which":[510,516,717,819,1196,1299,1397,1406,1928,2156,2734,2773],"questions":[512,892,2909,2980,3142],"primary,":[514],"evidence":[517,1055,1720,2184],"would":[518,1683,1717,2875],"when":[521,599,990,1031,1745,2482],"assessing":[522],"claims.Philosophical":[526],"work":[527,1848,2118,2583,2934,3246],"artificial":[529,546],"clarify":[532,1712],"boundary":[535],"matters.":[536],"Floridi":[537],"Sanders":[539],"(2004)":[540],"argue":[541],"we":[543,890,1100,1424,1430,1949,2105],"evaluate":[545],"levels":[550,835],"abstraction,":[552,837],"assuming":[554],"artefact":[557],"humanlike":[560],"agent.":[562],"That":[563,1225,1577,1703],"lens":[564],"valuable,":[566],"choice":[569],"level":[571,1492],"free":[574],"reality.":[577],"Embodiment":[578],"expands":[579],"system's":[581,2992],"causal":[582,2416],"footprint":[583],"domain.":[587,1165],"collide,":[591],"restrain,":[592],"touch,":[593,1217,1298,1359],"obstruct,":[594],"physically":[596,874],"shepherd.":[597],"Even":[598],"its":[600,604,2890],"intelligence":[601,1832],"modest,":[603],"create":[607,948,1220],"stakes":[609],"look":[611,1232],"closer":[612],"product":[614],"safety,":[615,1095,1357],"autonomy,":[617],"coercion":[619],"than":[620,1583,1675,1725,1910,2830,3262],"statistical":[622],"bias":[623,1009],"classification":[625],"In":[631,1166,1180,1825,2752,2975,3015],"contrast,":[632],"generate":[636,1878,2192,2370],"ethically":[637,1487,1504,1945,2193,3206,3209],"significant":[638],"effects":[639,748],"any":[641],"presence,":[643,1212],"epistemic":[645,2394,2967],"authority,":[646],"persuasive":[647],"interaction,":[648,1828],"ranking":[649],"power,":[650],"institutional":[652,1286,1328,1508,1907],"gatekeeping.":[653],"Treating":[654,1510,2661,2758,3107],"these":[655,931,1237,1511,1652,1795,1806,1816,1938,2274,2662],"cases":[656,2663],"raised":[660],"problems":[664,2613],"risks":[668,2255,2764,3113,3123],"mis":[669],"specifying":[670,2766],"both":[671,1315,2143],"responsibilities,":[674],"over":[678,1432,2059,2668],"general":[679],"supported":[688],"context":[693,2134],"motivates":[699],"claims.":[704],"When":[705],"one":[706,713,723,1035,1080,1513],"asks":[707],"whether":[708,1756,2219],"system":[710,773,803,1015,1107,1497,1682,1758,2062,2243,2420,2429,2570,3265],"ethical,":[712,1544],"ought":[714],"specify":[716,1396],"least":[720,2211],"targets":[722,833,3270],"means:":[724],"(1)":[725],"reasoning":[727,2521],"competence,":[728,2063],"meaning":[729,745,763,1662,2218,2237,2418,2427],"quality":[731],"deliberation":[734],"value":[736,1383],"alignment":[737,3038],"(Moor,":[738,2462],"2006),":[739],"(2)":[740],"context,":[744,3182],"observed":[747],"actions":[750],"interactions":[752],"setting":[755],"2021),":[759],"(3)":[760],"governance,":[762],"responsibility,":[765,3081],"oversight,":[766,2568],"structured":[770],"around":[771,962],"(Santoni":[774,1141,2572],"proposed":[783],"versus":[785,2625,2957],"sharpens":[788],"forcing":[792],"an":[793,810,1115,1941,2515,2519,2744,2945],"explicit":[794],"answer":[795,2907],"prior":[798],"question:":[799],"under":[804,1195,1442,2676,2765,2772],"service,":[809],"artefact,":[812,2674],"wider":[815],"plays":[821],"constitutive":[823],"role.":[824],"Without":[825,2806],"clarification,":[827],"appraisal":[829,2354],"slide":[831,2501],"producing":[838],"apparent":[839],"disagreement":[840],"fact":[844],"mismatch":[846],"evaluative":[848,1514,2927],"objects.Machine":[849],"has":[851,2011,2209],"long":[852],"noted":[853],"impact":[859,884,903,2456],"being":[862,873,1486,2458],"full":[863,2459,2796],"(Floridi":[866,2438],"Sanders,":[868,2440],"2004;Moor,":[869],"2006).":[870,2463],"Robots,":[871],"active":[875],"often":[877,1109,1170,1743,2389,2409,2633],"socially":[878],"present,":[879],"tend":[880],"default,":[887,906],"even":[888,1636,1697,1947,2180,2379],"before":[889,1948],"settle":[891],"agency.":[895],"Disembodied":[896,1874,2307,2631],"typically":[908,1902],"pathways,":[911,1279],"differential":[914],"access":[915],"opportunities,":[917],"behavioural":[918],"steering,":[919],"delegations":[921],"authority":[923,2395],"organisations.":[925,2070],"Recognising":[926],"makes":[930,2421,2499,3162],"easier":[933,3165],"analytically,":[936],"clarifies":[939,2496],"collapsing":[941],"contexts.Much":[954],"modern":[957],"grew":[961],"mediation:":[964],"fairness,":[965],"accountability,":[966],"transparency,":[967],"privacy,":[968],"downstream":[970],"impacts":[972],"automated":[974],"decisions":[975],"(see":[976],"example":[978],"Jobin":[979],"2019;Mittelstadt":[982,1344],"These":[986,2167],"concerns":[987,1238],"remain":[988,2824,2922,3176],"robots.":[995],"care":[997],"allocates":[1000],"attention,":[1001],"flags":[1002],"risk,":[1003,1493],"prioritises":[1005,1171],"tasks":[1006],"reproduce":[1008],"just":[1010],"triage":[1014],"(Sharkey":[1017],"Sharkey,":[1019,1378],"2012).":[1020],"adds":[1024],"dimensions":[1025,1809],"easy":[1028],"miss":[1030],"everything":[1032],"sits":[1033],"basket.":[1036],"section":[1038,2495],"isolates":[1040],"change":[1050,1572],"should":[1051,1101,1473,2106,2355,2886,3234],"alter":[1052],"standards,":[1056],"expectations.First":[1059],"kinetic":[1061,1350],"risk":[1062,2078,2811,2994],"autonomy.":[1065],"difference":[1068,1518],"classifier":[1071],"mobile":[1074],"merely":[1078,1203,2761],"moves.":[1081],"Movement":[1082],"kinds":[1085],"salient,":[1090],"time":[1092,2651],"horizons":[1093],"evidential":[1098,1919,2278],"standards":[1099],"demand.":[1102],"Failure":[1103,1113],"informational":[1110,1278,1326],"distributive.":[1112],"immediate":[1120],"bodily.":[1122],"shifts":[1124],"towards":[1127],"verification,":[1128],"fail":[1129],"safe":[1130,1190,2952],"forms":[1133,1407],"control":[1136,2556,2588,2797],"timely":[1139],"intervention":[1140],"2018;Verhagen":[1148,2929],"methodological":[1156],"point:":[1157],"counts":[1159],"adequate":[1161],"assurance":[1162,1182],"differs":[1163],"AI,":[1168,1429,1586,2045,2960],"representativeness,":[1172],"error":[1173],"disparities,":[1174],"contestability,":[1175],"post":[1177],"hoc":[1178],"explanation.":[1179],"robotics,":[1181],"must":[1183],"additionally":[1184,1291,2644],"address":[1185],"reliability,":[1187],"hazard":[1188],"analysis,":[1189],"stopping,":[1191],"conditions":[1194,2683,2771,2828],"override":[1198],"practically":[1200],"possible,":[1201],"nominal.Second":[1204],"corporeal":[1206],"influence.":[1208,2322],"Robots":[1209,2464],"occupy":[1214],"space,":[1215,2995],"copresence.":[1224],"manipulation,":[1228],"consent,":[1229],"vulnerability":[1231,1864],"like.":[1233],"Importantly,":[1234],"some":[1235],"arise":[1239,2249],"regardless":[1240],"advanced":[1243],"underlying":[1245],"2021).":[1251,3106],"difficulty":[1254],"driven":[1257],"itself,":[1260],"sophistication":[1264],"model.":[1267],"contrast":[1270],"frequently":[1275],"influences":[1276],"recommendation,":[1283],"nudging,":[1284],"gatekeeping,":[1287],"whereas":[1288,2385,2641],"influence":[1292,3083],"spatial":[1294,1360],"positioning,":[1295],"proximity,":[1296,1975],"render":[1301],"consent":[1302],"more":[1303,1307,2388,2502],"ambiguous":[1304],"refusal":[1306],"difficult":[1308],"practice.A":[1310],"way":[1312],"keep":[1314],"tracks":[1316],"visible":[1317],"two":[1323,1738,2212,2412,3190],"spaces:":[1324],"(a)":[1325],"harms,":[1329,1353],"bias,":[1332,1550],"opacity,":[1333],"privacy":[1334],"loss,":[1335],"unequal":[1336],"access,":[1337],"power":[1339],"asymmetries":[1340],"(Jobin":[1341],"2016),":[1347],"(b)":[1349],"relational":[1352],"unwanted":[1358],"coercion,":[1361],"dependency,":[1362],"deception":[1363],"cues,":[1366,1793],"erosion":[1368],"skills":[1370],"relationships":[1372],"2021;Sharkey":[1376],"2012;Torras,":[1379],"analytic":[1382],"separation":[1386],"taxonomic":[1389],"elegance":[1390],"clarity:":[1393],"plausible":[1400,3012],"given":[1403],"evidence,":[1409,2299],"testing,":[1410],"oversight":[1412,2659],"proportionate.The":[1414],"second":[1415,1781,2305],"space":[1416],"costly.":[1422],"If":[1423,1657,2093,2697],"treat":[1425,2241,2357],"weigh":[1433,1443],"easiest":[1436],"measure":[1438],"hardest":[1446],"decisive":[1448,2817],"interaction.":[1451],"For":[1452,2861],"audiences,":[1454],"key":[1458,2270],"implication":[1460],"insisting":[1462],"distinction:":[1465],"realigns":[1467],"reviewers":[1469],"policy":[1471,3016],"assessors":[1472],"ask":[1474],"for.":[1475],"satisfy":[1479,1499],"common":[1480],"expectations":[1483],"while":[1484,1502,1622,2814,2879,3129],"unacceptable":[1488,1505],"due":[1489,1506],"safety-oriented":[1500],"criteria":[1501],"remaining":[1503],"harms.":[1509],"basket":[1515],"blurs":[1516],"weakens":[1520],"accountability.A":[1521],"related":[1522],"issue":[1523],"norm":[1525,1561,1571,1612,2873],"compliance.":[1526],"There":[1527],"growing":[1529],"interest":[1530],"learn":[1534],"enact":[1536,1589],"norms.":[1538],"But":[1539],"norms":[1540,1567,1590],"automatically":[1543],"encoding":[1546],"them":[1547,3108],"amplify":[1549],"paternalism,":[1551],"politically":[1553],"entrenched":[1554],"expectations.":[1555],"Recent":[1556,1847,2116],"critique":[1557,1578],"catalogues":[1558],"multiple":[1559],"compliant":[1562],"reinforce":[1565],"problematic":[1566],"induce":[1569],"harmful":[1570],"(Coggins":[1573],"Steinert,":[1575],"2023).":[1576,1873],"lands":[1579],"differently":[1580],"because":[1587,1917,1966,2468],"users":[1597,1929],"experience":[1598,1673,1812],"interpersonal.":[1600],"again":[1602],"illustrates":[1603],"interface:":[1609],"encoded":[1613],"experienced":[1618,1630],"bureaucratic":[1620],"exclusion,":[1621],"enacted":[1623],"interpersonal":[1632],"correction,":[1633],"pressure,":[1634],"coercion.The":[1637],"raises":[1646],"sharper":[1648],"philosophical":[1649],"question.":[1650],"Are":[1651],"morally":[1653,1862,2100,3054],"claim?":[1656],"means":[1659],"phenomenal":[1660],"consciousness,":[1661,2384,2919],"subjective":[1665],"experience,":[1666,3068],"then":[1667,2706],"patiency":[1669,1853,2227],"depends":[1671],"rather":[1674,1724,1909,2829,3261],"chassis.":[1678],"patient":[1687],"broad":[1691,3034],"robot,":[1696,2947],"lacked":[1700],"body.":[1702,2339],"scientific":[1706],"discussions":[1707,2810],"emphasise":[1708],"need":[1710],"architectures":[1716],"count":[1718],"relying":[1726],"surface":[1728],"2017).":[1733,3078],"paper":[1735],"distinguishes":[1737],"separable":[1739],"issues":[1740],"conflated":[1744],"discussed":[1750],"together:":[1751],"metaphysical":[1753,1952],"conscious,":[1760],"like":[1768,2048],"interpreted":[1772],"operationalised":[1774],"deployments.Robots,":[1777],"however,":[1778,2855],"introduce":[1779],"phenomenon":[1782],"cannot":[1784,2508],"ignored:":[1786],"appearance.":[1788],"Humans":[1789],"infer":[1790],"mind":[1791,1922,2720],"inferences":[1796,1807],"judgement.":[1799],"Mind":[1800],"perception":[1801,2938,2950],"people":[1804,1859,2094],"organise":[1805],"along":[1808],"agency,":[1814,2417,2426],"perceptions":[1817],"predict":[1818],"responses":[1820,2153,2191,2378],"(Gray":[1821],"anthropomorphism":[1829],"perceived":[1831,1841,1851],"measurable":[1834],"constructs":[1835],"affect":[1837],"trust,":[1838],"likeability,":[1839],"(Bartneck":[1843],"2009).":[1846],"operationalises":[1850],"showing":[1857],"attribute":[1861],"systematic":[1868],"(Banks":[1870,2261],"Bowman,":[1872,2263],"particularly":[1881],"linguistic":[1883,2397],"fluency,":[1884],"framing,":[1886],"presentation":[1889],"confident":[1891],"outputs,":[1892,2058],"cues":[1895,1970,2368],"narrower":[1897],"mediated":[1903],"screens":[1905],"workflows":[1908],"co":[1911],"behaviour.":[1913],"basis":[1920],"attribution,":[1923],"channels":[1926,2320],"vulnerable":[1931],"manipulation":[1933,2203,2260],"deference,":[1935,2258],"across":[1937,2363,2602,2730],"contexts.This":[1939],"creates":[1940],"asymmetry":[1942],"important":[1946],"resolve":[1950],"ontological.":[1955],"treated":[1960],"were":[1964],"supplies":[1968],"gaze,":[1973],"rhythm,":[1974],"touch.":[1977],"Coeckelbergh":[1978],"(2010bCoeckelbergh":[1979],"(":[1980],",":[1981],"2010a)":[1982],")":[1983],"argues":[1984],"consideration":[1987],"shaped":[1990,3086],"relations":[1993],"appearances,":[1996],"hidden":[2000,2859],"mental":[2001],"properties.":[2002],"At":[2003],"time,":[2006],"rights":[2009,2031],"debate":[2010],"prompted":[2012],"warnings":[2013],"mistaking":[2015],"projections":[2017,3098],"genuine":[2019,3258],"status,":[2021],"political":[2025],"legal":[2027],"implications":[2028,3000],"granting":[2030],"language":[2032,2049],"(Birhane":[2035],"parallel":[2040],"warning":[2041,2738],"applies":[2042],"rhetoric":[2052],"encourage":[2054],"misplaced":[2055],"deference":[2056],"trust":[2060],"diffusion":[2066],"mistake":[2073],"differs,":[2074],"remains;":[2079],"moralised":[2080],"narratives":[2081,3117],"substitute":[2083],"clear":[2085],"accountability.Empirically,":[2086],"consequences":[2088],"longer":[2091],"speculative.":[2092],"judge":[2095],"violence":[2096],"against":[2097,2739],"charged,":[2101],"think":[2107],"deployment,":[2109],"training,":[2111],"acceptable":[2113],"affordances.":[2115],"experimental":[2117],"people's":[2121],"judgements":[2123],"harming":[2125],"measured":[2129],"meaningfully":[2131],"vary":[2132],"(Archer":[2135],"Related":[2139],"studies":[2140,2296],"anthropomorphising":[2144],"dehumanising":[2146],"tendencies":[2147],"protection":[2162],"(Wieringa":[2163],"findings":[2168],"strengthen":[2169],"case":[2172],"separating":[2174,2849],"treatment:":[2179],"credible":[2183],"exists,":[2188],"predictable":[2189,2251,3096],"duties":[2195,2248],"regarding":[2196],"disclosure,":[2198],"prevention":[2201],"dependency.So":[2205],"landscape":[2208],"layers:":[2213],"(i)":[2214],"potential":[2225],"2017),":[2231],"(ii)":[2233],"treatment":[2235,2288],"dynamics,":[2236],"humans":[2239],"minded,":[2245],"responses,":[2253,2313],"attachment,":[2257],"2023;Coeckelbergh,":[2264],"2010a;Wieringa":[2265],"layers":[2275],"invite":[2276],"standards.":[2279],"Moral":[2280,2287,3062,3079],"require":[2283,2848,2856],"unusually":[2284],"stringent":[2285],"justification.":[2286],"dynamics":[2289,2655],"assessed":[2292],"empirically":[2293],"presupposing":[2301],"consciousness.Robots":[2302],"intensify":[2303],"layer.":[2306],"elicit":[2311],"amplifies":[2316],"diversifies":[2318],"simply":[2332,3229],"part":[2343],"interface.":[2347],"consequence":[2350],"\"consciousness":[2358],"like\"":[2359],"impressions":[2360],"interchangeable":[2362],"domains.":[2364],"robot's":[2366],"appearance":[2372,2392],"demands":[2374],"generates":[2390],"performance,":[2398],"demanding":[2399],"safeguards,":[2401],"disclosure":[2402],"norms,":[2403],"structures.Ethical":[2406],"slides":[2410],"senses":[2413],"agency:":[2415],"things":[2422,2943],"happen,":[2423],"held":[2432],"normative":[2436,3259],"2004;Vallor":[2441],"Taxonomies":[2445],"make":[2449,2658],"room":[2450],"machines":[2452],"strain":[2465],"practices":[2467],"their":[2469],"situated,":[2472],"adaptive,":[2473],"sometimes":[2475],"learned,":[2476],"creating":[2477],"well":[2478,2532],"known":[2479],"gaps":[2481],"outcomes":[2483],"reasonably":[2486],"foreseeable":[2487],"designers":[2489],"operators":[2491],"(Matthias,":[2492],"2004).":[2493],"consequential,":[2503],"attribution":[2507,2669],"repaired":[2510],"module":[2517,2522,2746],"alone.Adding":[2518],"does":[2523,3156],"close":[2525],"gap.":[2527],"deliberate":[2531],"pipeline":[2539],"training":[2542],"regimes,":[2543],"pressures,":[2545],"constraints":[2548],"distribute":[2550,2634,2645],"control.":[2551],"Frameworks":[2552],"meaningful":[2554,2586],"aim":[2557],"preserve":[2559],"requirements":[2563],"connect":[2565],"reasons,":[2567],"More":[2580],"recent":[2581],"shows":[2584],"simple":[2593,2871,2983],"requirement":[2594],"interpretations":[2599],"shift":[2601],"domains":[2603],"goals,":[2606],"making":[2607],"operationalisation":[2608],"measurement":[2610],"central":[2611],"(Robbins,":[2614],"2024;Verhagen":[2615],"precisely":[2621],"yields":[2628],"leverage.":[2630],"institutions":[2637],"data":[2639],"pipelines,":[2640],"coupling,":[2649],"constraints,":[2652],"fragile.":[2660],"equivalent":[2665],"invites":[2666],"either":[2667],"specification":[2677],"required":[2684],"accountable":[2686,3177],"deployment.Embodied":[2687],"cognition":[2688,2698]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
