{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133235926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","title":"When AI takes the wheel: AI-defined vehicles principles and pitfalls","display_name":"When AI takes the wheel: AI-defined vehicles principles and pitfalls","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133235926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847283"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026192853","display_name":"Marco De Vincenzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-2936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco De Vincenzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics - CNR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics - CNR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074423047","display_name":"Chiara Bodei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-9333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Bodei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084346541","display_name":"Ilaria Matteucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Matteucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics - CNR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics - CNR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":2.8581,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87329972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1770121","last_page":"1770121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.5275999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.5275999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.07599999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.060100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7128000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptualization","display_name":"Conceptualization","score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-decision-support-system","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3725000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.732699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7128000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665453","display_name":"System integration","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9628104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788009","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146047270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41847283","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1359167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1359167","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12989590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12989590/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12989590/pdf/frobt-13-1770121.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79881699ba29479098fc5e86558986f5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79881699ba29479098fc5e86558986f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/robotics-and-ai/articles/10.3389/frobt.2026.1770121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5713697075843811}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133235926.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133235926.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3214897310","https://openalex.org/W4283212640","https://openalex.org/W4311763315","https://openalex.org/W4313241614","https://openalex.org/W4315781029","https://openalex.org/W4323966502","https://openalex.org/W4386122321","https://openalex.org/W4386927538","https://openalex.org/W4386951044","https://openalex.org/W4388697585","https://openalex.org/W4393063154","https://openalex.org/W4399817732","https://openalex.org/W4404391248","https://openalex.org/W4404410819","https://openalex.org/W4407613414","https://openalex.org/W4407778276","https://openalex.org/W4411297492","https://openalex.org/W4412047804","https://openalex.org/W4412425482","https://openalex.org/W4414322220","https://openalex.org/W7123354315"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"introduced":[1,149],"by":[2,150],"Asimov":[3],"in":[4,68,81],"\"I,":[5],"Robot\",":[6],"intelligent":[7],"machines":[8],"are":[9,66,92],"characterized":[10],"as":[11,23,38,77,94,101],"systems":[12,40],"capable":[13],"of":[14,112,118,131],"performing":[15],"tasks":[16],"that":[17],"traditionally":[18],"require":[19],"human":[20],"intelligence,":[21],"such":[22],"autonomous":[24],"decision-making":[25],"and":[26,54,73,89,114,123,137,153],"driving.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29,61,109],"context,":[30],"modern":[31],"road":[32],"vehicles":[33,64,113],"can":[34],"increasingly":[35],"be":[36],"understood":[37],"robotic":[39],"endowed":[41],"with":[42],"progressively":[43],"sophisticated":[44],"functionalities,":[45],"operational":[46],"flexibility,":[47],"and,":[48],"crucially,":[49],"the":[50,70,74,147],"capacity":[51],"to":[52,107],"learn":[53],"evolve":[55],"autonomously":[56],"over":[57],"time.":[58],"Building":[59],"on":[60],"perspective,":[62],"AI-defined":[63],"(AIDVs)":[65],"emerging":[67],"both":[69],"automotive":[71],"industry":[72],"research":[75],"community":[76],"a":[78,128,155],"next":[79],"stage":[80],"vehicle":[82,142],"evolution,":[83],"where":[84],"interaction":[85],"capabilities,":[86,122],"adaptability,":[87],"sustainability,":[88],"ethical":[90],"governance":[91],"embedded":[93],"core":[95],"design":[96],"principles":[97],"rather":[98],"than":[99],"treated":[100],"auxiliary":[102],"features.":[103],"This":[104,125],"work":[105],"aims":[106],"introduce":[108],"new":[110],"class":[111],"provide":[115],"an":[116],"analysis":[117],"their":[119,134,159],"defining":[120,135],"principles,":[121,136],"challenges.":[124],"article":[126],"contributes":[127],"first":[129],"conceptualization":[130],"AIDVs,":[132],"outlines":[133],"distinguishes":[138],"them":[139],"from":[140],"existing":[141],"classes.":[143],"Then,":[144],"it":[145],"identifies":[146],"risks":[148],"adaptive":[151],"AI":[152],"proposes":[154],"preliminary":[156],"roadmap":[157],"for":[158],"integration":[160],"into":[161],"Intelligent":[162],"Transportation":[163],"Systems":[164],"(ITS).":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}