{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402525653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","title":"SwAV-driven diagnostics: new perspectives on grading diabetic retinopathy from retinal photography","display_name":"SwAV-driven diagnostics: new perspectives on grading diabetic retinopathy from retinal photography","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402525653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39346742"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109781873","display_name":"Md Nuho Ul Alam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Nuho Ul Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077927730","display_name":"Erfanul Hoque Bahadur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157669161","display_name":"International Islamic University Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/00eda4j42","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157669161"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfanul Hoque Bahadur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157669161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090708032","display_name":"Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-9754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044746485","display_name":"Farzan Majeed Noori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-3835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farzan M. Noori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051442365","display_name":"Md. Zia Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-1834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zia Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, Sintef Digital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, Sintef Digital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044746485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":1.0702,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76664722,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1445565","last_page":"1445565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8147352337837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7092005014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.6937418580055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.6457807421684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5636662244796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-photography","display_name":"Fundus photography","score":0.49255308508872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45524945855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.3899149000644684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3644585609436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3252369165420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.23742744326591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.22530442476272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22216275334358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescein-angiography","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","score":0.11718085408210754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8147352337837219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7092005014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6937418580055237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6457807421684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5636662244796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776474195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144413","display_name":"Fundus photography","level":4,"score":0.49255308508872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45524945855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.3899149000644684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3644585609436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3252369165420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.23742744326591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.22530442476272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22216275334358215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780248432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434206","display_name":"Fluorescein angiography","level":3,"score":0.11718085408210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39346742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39346742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11427755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11427755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b25389b79c4422e853526e437382f18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b25389b79c4422e853526e437382f18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 11 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1445565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128555555","https://openalex.org/W1523151681","https://openalex.org/W2009904828","https://openalex.org/W2114063873","https://openalex.org/W2133872300","https://openalex.org/W2158131535","https://openalex.org/W2301001905","https://openalex.org/W2340948203","https://openalex.org/W2529321959","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2565214464","https://openalex.org/W2619391717","https://openalex.org/W2621120845","https://openalex.org/W2727753969","https://openalex.org/W2755885082","https://openalex.org/W2766116723","https://openalex.org/W2767783253","https://openalex.org/W2791415757","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2883936846","https://openalex.org/W2888994752","https://openalex.org/W2889059876","https://openalex.org/W2899569798","https://openalex.org/W2919733445","https://openalex.org/W2943531001","https://openalex.org/W2949074827","https://openalex.org/W2970242971","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W3008531067","https://openalex.org/W3022483099","https://openalex.org/W3025046335","https://openalex.org/W3025847621","https://openalex.org/W3032728079","https://openalex.org/W3034781633","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3039499563","https://openalex.org/W3047517834","https://openalex.org/W3084156874","https://openalex.org/W3089838827","https://openalex.org/W3092724597","https://openalex.org/W3096787837","https://openalex.org/W3103855452","https://openalex.org/W3118438407","https://openalex.org/W3119612757","https://openalex.org/W3120995853","https://openalex.org/W3156832349","https://openalex.org/W3158522809","https://openalex.org/W3164230720","https://openalex.org/W3185612060","https://openalex.org/W3196736930","https://openalex.org/W3206004033","https://openalex.org/W4212945288","https://openalex.org/W4390660394","https://openalex.org/W4394640481","https://openalex.org/W6605240571","https://openalex.org/W6631219152","https://openalex.org/W6652990691","https://openalex.org/W6682962330","https://openalex.org/W6728191935","https://openalex.org/W6740519588","https://openalex.org/W6744308057","https://openalex.org/W6745167333","https://openalex.org/W6750782655","https://openalex.org/W6753000030","https://openalex.org/W6754135168","https://openalex.org/W6754250894","https://openalex.org/W6756103571","https://openalex.org/W6761790118","https://openalex.org/W6763441733","https://openalex.org/W6770717842","https://openalex.org/W6771137614","https://openalex.org/W6773942409","https://openalex.org/W6777477844","https://openalex.org/W6779948319","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6782915400","https://openalex.org/W6785094929","https://openalex.org/W6798191560","https://openalex.org/W6864174416"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386719091","https://openalex.org/W2744576618","https://openalex.org/W20399439","https://openalex.org/W4312902453","https://openalex.org/W4399144720","https://openalex.org/W3033442124","https://openalex.org/W2034685238","https://openalex.org/W4200353162","https://openalex.org/W4200343938","https://openalex.org/W3208182659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"Retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,67],"serious":[5],"eye":[6],"condition":[7],"that":[8],"occurs":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,35,158],"high":[12],"blood":[13],"sugar":[14],"levels":[15],"in":[16,28,81,112],"patients":[17],"with":[18,85,115],"Diabetes":[19],"Mellitus.":[20],"If":[21],"left":[22],"untreated,":[23],"DR":[24,37,50,95,154],"can":[25],"potentially":[26],"result":[27],"blindness.":[29],"Using":[30],"automated":[31],"neural":[32],"network-based":[33],"methods":[34],"grade":[36],"shows":[38],"potential":[39,144],"for":[40,54,94,145,149],"early":[41],"detection.":[42],"However,":[43],"the":[44,75,86],"uneven":[45],"and":[46,65,107,111,124,137,155],"non-quadrilateral":[47],"forms":[48],"of":[49,77,118,153],"lesions":[51],"provide":[52],"difficulties":[53],"traditional":[55],"Convolutional":[56],"Neural":[57],"Network":[58],"(CNN)-based":[59],"architectures.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this":[63,71],"challenge":[64],"explore":[66],"novel":[68],"algorithm":[69,93],"architecture,":[70],"work":[72],"delves":[73],"into":[74],"usage":[76],"contrasting":[78],"cluster":[79],"assignments":[80],"retinal":[82],"fundus":[83],"images":[84],"Swapping":[87],"Assignments":[88],"between":[89],"multiple":[90],"Views":[91],"(SwAV)":[92],"grading.":[96],"An":[97],"ablation":[98],"study":[99],"was":[100],"made":[101],"where":[102],"SwAV":[103],"outperformed":[104],"other":[105],"CNN":[106],"Transformer-based":[108],"models,":[109],"independently":[110],"ensemble":[113],"configurations":[114],"an":[116],"accuracy":[117],"87.00%":[119],"despite":[120],"having":[121],"fewer":[122],"parameters":[123],"layers.":[125],"The":[126,140],"proposed":[127],"approach":[128],"outperforms":[129],"existing":[130],"state-of-the-art":[131],"models":[132],"regarding":[133],"classification":[134],"metrics,":[135],"complexity,":[136],"prediction":[138],"time.":[139],"findings":[141],"offer":[142],"great":[143],"medical":[146],"practitioners,":[147],"allowing":[148],"more":[150],"accurate":[151],"diagnosis":[152],"earlier":[156],"treatments":[157],"avoid":[159],"visual":[160],"loss.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
