{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402879198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","title":"Siamese and triplet network-based pain expression in robotic avatars for care and nursing training","display_name":"Siamese and triplet network-based pain expression in robotic avatars for care and nursing training","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402879198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39391748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599682","display_name":"Miran Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-5030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miran Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599682","display_name":"Miran Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-5030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miran Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101830839","display_name":"Min-Jeong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minjeong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101830839","display_name":"Min-Jeong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjeong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of IT Convergence Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011671492","display_name":"Su Yeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-0210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suyeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001599682","https://openalex.org/A5101830839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.4146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6455569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1419584","last_page":"1419584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10867","display_name":"Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10867","display_name":"Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12860","display_name":"Family and Patient Care in Intensive Care Units","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boredom","display_name":"Boredom","score":0.6810364723205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.6754671335220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6114628314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.49676424264907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.48722711205482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.47450798749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.4621157944202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4591819941997528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3838747441768646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37032634019851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.35945814847946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3403318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3125564455986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.16349998116493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08040454983711243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34255","display_name":"Boredom","level":2,"score":0.6810364723205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.6754671335220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6114628314971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.49676424264907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.48722711205482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.47450798749923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.4621157944202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4591819941997528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3838747441768646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37032634019851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.35945814847946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3403318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3125564455986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.16349998116493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08040454983711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39391748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39391748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11464974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11464974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc22b0c52a2a4061a1fffd0479889446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc22b0c52a2a4061a1fffd0479889446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 11 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1419584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44741455","https://openalex.org/W255754592","https://openalex.org/W256049227","https://openalex.org/W1996267337","https://openalex.org/W1996557149","https://openalex.org/W2000957724","https://openalex.org/W2046142104","https://openalex.org/W2059636572","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2126305157","https://openalex.org/W2135826624","https://openalex.org/W2166087694","https://openalex.org/W2226851628","https://openalex.org/W2346626577","https://openalex.org/W2510607812","https://openalex.org/W2737748002","https://openalex.org/W2786403656","https://openalex.org/W2810736154","https://openalex.org/W2811185462","https://openalex.org/W2911153863","https://openalex.org/W2956599808","https://openalex.org/W2961760817","https://openalex.org/W3005844399","https://openalex.org/W3031657004","https://openalex.org/W3037439697","https://openalex.org/W3139167765","https://openalex.org/W4200106871","https://openalex.org/W6601925561","https://openalex.org/W6609578681","https://openalex.org/W6609626348","https://openalex.org/W6649210056","https://openalex.org/W6650855594","https://openalex.org/W6662132662","https://openalex.org/W6665345093","https://openalex.org/W6675223612","https://openalex.org/W6677317326","https://openalex.org/W6679091476","https://openalex.org/W6679208599","https://openalex.org/W6680389549","https://openalex.org/W6748258929","https://openalex.org/W6758349897","https://openalex.org/W6766090129","https://openalex.org/W6805169170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W318616257","https://openalex.org/W3118254946","https://openalex.org/W2917043877","https://openalex.org/W3026775601","https://openalex.org/W2035863303","https://openalex.org/W2161702522","https://openalex.org/W2076679447","https://openalex.org/W2393590924","https://openalex.org/W2368513809","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Care":[0],"and":[1,20,40,62,85,137,147],"nursing":[2],"training":[3,124],"(CNT)":[4],"refers":[5],"to":[6,10,13,46,56,88,106,128,149],"developing":[7],"the":[8,42,63,119,130,134,140,143,156],"ability":[9],"effectively":[11],"respond":[12],"patient":[14,78,97,121,135,157],"needs":[15],"by":[16,133],"investigating":[17],"their":[18],"requests":[19],"improving":[21],"trainees'":[22],"care":[23,112,123,160],"skills":[24],"in":[25,110],"a":[26,49,77,96,107],"caring":[27],"environment.":[28],"Although":[29],"conventional":[30],"CNT":[31],"programs":[32],"have":[33],"been":[34,91],"conducted":[35],"based":[36],"on":[37,48],"videos,":[38],"books,":[39],"role-playing,":[41],"best":[43],"approach":[44],"is":[45,54],"practice":[47],"real":[50,108],"human.":[51],"However,":[52],"it":[53],"challenging":[55],"recruit":[57],"patients":[58,64],"for":[59,159],"continuous":[60],"training,":[61],"may":[65],"experience":[66],"fatigue":[67],"or":[68],"boredom":[69],"with":[70,142],"iterative":[71],"testing.":[72],"As":[73],"an":[74],"alternative":[75],"approach,":[76],"robot":[79,98,136,158],"that":[80,99],"reproduces":[81],"various":[82],"human":[83],"diseases":[84],"provides":[86],"feedback":[87,154],"trainees":[89],"has":[90],"introduced.":[92],"This":[93],"study":[94],"presents":[95],"can":[100],"express":[101],"feelings":[102],"of":[103,118,155],"pain,":[104],"similarly":[105],"human,":[109],"joint":[111],"education.":[113],"The":[114],"two":[115],"primary":[116],"objectives":[117],"proposed":[120],"robot-based":[122],"system":[125],"are":[126],"(a)":[127],"infer":[129],"pain":[131,145],"felt":[132],"intuitively":[138],"provide":[139,150],"trainee":[141],"patient's":[144],"state,":[146],"(b)":[148],"facial":[151],"expression-based":[152],"visual":[153],"training.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}