{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392165503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","title":"Time-dependant Bayesian knowledge tracing\u2014Robots that model user skills over time","display_name":"Time-dependant Bayesian knowledge tracing\u2014Robots that model user skills over time","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392165503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38469397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076361939","display_name":"Nicole Salomons","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-8419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Salomons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States","I-X and the Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"I-X and the Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027635705","display_name":"Brian Scassellati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-7759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Scassellati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076361939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":1.7995,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85963173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1249241","last_page":"1249241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8680564165115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7320034503936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6250343322753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-modeling","display_name":"User modeling","score":0.622761607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6003949642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4468567669391632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-system","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","score":0.44089755415916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.41744402050971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.40817123651504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38997775316238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.088621586561203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8680564165115356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7320034503936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6250343322753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67712803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901853","display_name":"User modeling","level":3,"score":0.622761607170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6003949642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4468567669391632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.44089755415916443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.41744402050971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.40817123651504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38997775316238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.088621586561203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38469397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38469397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10925631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10925631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9d7f93b59924418cbb47d634b618a415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9d7f93b59924418cbb47d634b618a415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 10 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1249241/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2108600935","display_name":"Collaborative Research: The role of trust when learning from robots","funder_award_id":"1955653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5189939215","display_name":"HCC: Medium: Proactive Physical Assistance for Collaborative Human-Robot Teams","funder_award_id":"2106690","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8959517577","display_name":"CHS: Small: Watch One, Do One, Teach One: An Integrated Robot Architecture for Skill Transfer","funder_award_id":"1813651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392165503.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392165503.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W1529098247","https://openalex.org/W1536351568","https://openalex.org/W1540372287","https://openalex.org/W1551257274","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1562878411","https://openalex.org/W1566530112","https://openalex.org/W1596401170","https://openalex.org/W1754268392","https://openalex.org/W1897162008","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1987626674","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2029584689","https://openalex.org/W2042489178","https://openalex.org/W2043736971","https://openalex.org/W2051339053","https://openalex.org/W2069713201","https://openalex.org/W2084000235","https://openalex.org/W2117815678","https://openalex.org/W2123159101","https://openalex.org/W2127241481","https://openalex.org/W2128834492","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2152872025","https://openalex.org/W2160178500","https://openalex.org/W2163640453","https://openalex.org/W2192319054","https://openalex.org/W2339576062","https://openalex.org/W2397386248","https://openalex.org/W2398156266","https://openalex.org/W2509526687","https://openalex.org/W2529363943","https://openalex.org/W2577350134","https://openalex.org/W2581399418","https://openalex.org/W2592042377","https://openalex.org/W2615786590","https://openalex.org/W2738895185","https://openalex.org/W2769071920","https://openalex.org/W2792703968","https://openalex.org/W2801003678","https://openalex.org/W2904737914","https://openalex.org/W2979378092","https://openalex.org/W3004720641","https://openalex.org/W3172373930","https://openalex.org/W3191916599","https://openalex.org/W4234568619","https://openalex.org/W4235968942","https://openalex.org/W4241519124","https://openalex.org/W4313056309","https://openalex.org/W6601232020","https://openalex.org/W6632358579","https://openalex.org/W6640929344","https://openalex.org/W6675969386","https://openalex.org/W6676049340","https://openalex.org/W6682546891","https://openalex.org/W6688814334","https://openalex.org/W6712357688","https://openalex.org/W6712640476","https://openalex.org/W6732302738","https://openalex.org/W6844248365","https://openalex.org/W6847890897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590657835","https://openalex.org/W2741711008","https://openalex.org/W1992024221","https://openalex.org/W2578019973","https://openalex.org/W2024353257","https://openalex.org/W2104550446","https://openalex.org/W3048212026","https://openalex.org/W2111057027","https://openalex.org/W2003915001","https://openalex.org/W2746612512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Creating":[0],"an":[1,9,71,117],"accurate":[2,143],"model":[3,54,144,169],"of":[4,74,102,112,145],"a":[5,64,100,141,163,170,180],"user's":[6,32,53,76,147],"skills":[7,128,148,191],"is":[8,55,79],"essential":[10],"task":[11,59,98],"for":[12,83],"Intelligent":[13],"Tutoring":[14],"Systems":[15],"(ITS)":[16],"and":[17,68,172],"robotic":[18],"tutoring":[19],"systems.":[20],"This":[21,78],"allows":[22],"the":[23,31,52,75,81,94,97,113,146],"system":[24],"to":[25,168,177],"provide":[26],"personalized":[27],"help":[28],"based":[29],"on":[30,42,109],"knowledge":[33],"state.":[34],"Most":[35],"user":[36,95,104,171,181],"skill":[37],"modeling":[38],"systems":[39],"have":[40,63],"focused":[41],"simpler":[43],"tasks":[44,62,86,176],"such":[45,87],"as":[46,88,106],"arithmetic":[47],"or":[48,90],"multiple-choice":[49],"questions,":[50],"where":[51,93],"only":[56],"updated":[57],"upon":[58],"completion.":[60],"These":[61],"single":[65],"correct":[66],"answer":[67],"they":[69,107],"generate":[70],"unambiguous":[72],"observation":[73],"answer.":[77],"not":[80],"case":[82],"more":[84,131,142],"complex":[85,132],"programming":[89],"engineering":[91],"tasks,":[92],"completing":[96],"creates":[99],"succession":[101],"noisy":[103],"observations":[105],"work":[108],"different":[110],"parts":[111],"task.":[114],"We":[115,134],"create":[116],"algorithm":[118],"called":[119],"Time-Dependant":[120],"Bayesian":[121],"Knowledge":[122],"Tracing":[123],"(TD-BKT)":[124],"that":[125,138,162,186],"tracks":[126],"users'":[127],"throughout":[129],"these":[130],"tasks.":[133],"show":[135,161,185],"in":[136],"simulation":[137],"it":[139],"has":[140],"and,":[149],"therefore,":[150],"can":[151,165],"select":[152],"better":[153],"teaching":[154],"actions":[155],"than":[156],"previous":[157],"algorithms.":[158],"Lastly,":[159],"we":[160],"robot":[164],"use":[166],"TD-BKT":[167],"teach":[173],"electronic":[174],"circuit":[175],"participants":[178,187],"during":[179],"study.":[182],"Our":[183],"results":[184],"significantly":[188],"improved":[189],"their":[190],"when":[192],"modeled":[193],"using":[194],"TD-BKT.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}