{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385343298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","title":"The potential of robot eyes as predictive cues in HRI\u2014an eye-tracking study","display_name":"The potential of robot eyes as predictive cues in HRI\u2014an eye-tracking study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385343298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37575370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091080873","display_name":"Linda Onnasch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-774X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda Onnasch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082655228","display_name":"Paul Schweidler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6390-7927"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Schweidler","raw_affiliation_strings":["HFC Human-Factors-Consult GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HFC Human-Factors-Consult GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037070968","display_name":"Helena Schmidt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114884","display_name":"Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge5zt06","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114884"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helena Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Land in Sicht-PROWO gGmbH, Eberswalde, Germany","Land in Sicht\u2014PROWO gGmbH, Eberswalde, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Land in Sicht-PROWO gGmbH, Eberswalde, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114884"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Land in Sicht\u2014PROWO gGmbH, Eberswalde, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114884"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091080873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":2224,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2398},"fwci":1.7395,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85025451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1178433","last_page":"1178433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7684017419815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7069641351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6866744160652161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6163264513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5978211164474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5862343907356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.5528370141983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5390066504478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.533638596534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4644624590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4444355070590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-attention","display_name":"Joint attention","score":0.4216620624065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.293475478887558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7684017419815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7069641351699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6866744160652161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6163264513015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5978211164474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5862343907356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.5528370141983032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5390066504478455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.533638596534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4644624590873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4444355070590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137878579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9636076","display_name":"Joint attention","level":3,"score":0.4216620624065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.293475478887558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37575370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37575370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10416260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10416260","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10416260/pdf/frobt-10-1178433.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:763885ba715c4a3e97f405445db29935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/763885ba715c4a3e97f405445db29935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1178433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5274215237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"779966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324094","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385343298.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W362110373","https://openalex.org/W1980808171","https://openalex.org/W2010759289","https://openalex.org/W2041060465","https://openalex.org/W2044045307","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2080000582","https://openalex.org/W2085580502","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2105457610","https://openalex.org/W2114936210","https://openalex.org/W2117866272","https://openalex.org/W2118586055","https://openalex.org/W2122896223","https://openalex.org/W2144185728","https://openalex.org/W2149183605","https://openalex.org/W2413638197","https://openalex.org/W2527152407","https://openalex.org/W2579063557","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2752209622","https://openalex.org/W2888297397","https://openalex.org/W2899726341","https://openalex.org/W2914350795","https://openalex.org/W3014987100","https://openalex.org/W3039344287","https://openalex.org/W3140646774","https://openalex.org/W3141956903","https://openalex.org/W3145340279","https://openalex.org/W3194461566","https://openalex.org/W3205413005","https://openalex.org/W4206300747","https://openalex.org/W4243138773","https://openalex.org/W4379376975","https://openalex.org/W6612145729","https://openalex.org/W6666818525","https://openalex.org/W6675836893","https://openalex.org/W6728340897","https://openalex.org/W6732627134","https://openalex.org/W6744041229","https://openalex.org/W6753957023","https://openalex.org/W6775342065","https://openalex.org/W6800207702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183271128","https://openalex.org/W1589443630","https://openalex.org/W1561602432","https://openalex.org/W2385108104","https://openalex.org/W1999328396","https://openalex.org/W2769824675","https://openalex.org/W2113986142","https://openalex.org/W2148584227","https://openalex.org/W2127677160","https://openalex.org/W2168991662"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robots":[0],"currently":[1],"provide":[2],"only":[3],"a":[4,45,61,79,97,167,187,195],"limited":[5],"amount":[6],"of":[7,47,67,81,119,190,200],"information":[8],"about":[9],"their":[10,75],"future":[11],"movements":[12],"to":[13,29,74,135,140,185,194],"human":[14,17,83],"collaborators.":[15],"In":[16,60,165],"interaction,":[18],"communication":[19],"through":[20,125],"gaze":[21,100],"can":[22],"be":[23],"helpful":[24],"by":[25,158],"intuitively":[26],"directing":[27,77],"attention":[28,76,107,154],"specific":[30],"targets.":[31],"Whether":[32],"and":[33,43,85,113,137,161,197],"how":[34,44],"this":[35,92],"mechanism":[36],"could":[37],"benefit":[38],"the":[39,104,117,120],"interaction":[40],"with":[41,72,170],"robots":[42],"design":[46],"predictive":[48],"robot":[49,88,146,168,181],"eyes":[50,68,147,172,182],"in":[51,103],"general":[52],"should":[53],"look":[54],"like":[55],"is":[56],"not":[57],"well":[58],"understood.":[59],"between-subjects":[62],"design,":[63],"four":[64],"different":[65],"types":[66],"were":[69,132,138,148],"therefore":[70,183],"compared":[71],"regard":[73],"potential:":[78],"pair":[80],"arrows,":[82],"eyes,":[84],"two":[86],"anthropomorphic":[87,145,171,180],"eye":[89,130],"designs.":[90],"For":[91],"purpose,":[93],"39":[94],"subjects":[95],"performed":[96],"novel,":[98],"screen-based":[99],"cueing":[101],"task":[102],"laboratory.":[105],"Participants'":[106],"was":[108,123,156,173],"measured":[109],"using":[110],"manual":[111,160],"responses":[112],"eye-tracking.":[114],"Information":[115],"on":[116],"perception":[118],"tested":[121],"cues":[122],"provided":[124],"additional":[126],"subjective":[127],"measures.":[128],"All":[129],"models":[131],"overall":[133],"easy":[134],"read":[136],"able":[139],"direct":[141],"participants'":[142,153],"attention.":[143,191],"The":[144],"most":[149],"efficient":[150],"at":[151],"shifting":[152],"which":[155],"revealed":[157],"faster":[159],"saccadic":[162],"reaction":[163],"times.":[164],"addition,":[166],"equipped":[169],"perceived":[174],"as":[175],"being":[176],"more":[177],"competent.":[178],"Abstract":[179],"seem":[184],"trigger":[186],"reflexive":[188],"reallocation":[189],"This":[192],"points":[193],"social":[196],"automatic":[198],"processing":[199],"such":[201],"artificial":[202],"stimuli.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}