{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362735819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","title":"Robotic gaze and human views: A systematic exploration of robotic gaze aversion and its effects on human behaviors and attitudes","display_name":"Robotic gaze and human views: A systematic exploration of robotic gaze aversion and its effects on human behaviors and attitudes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362735819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37102131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072723216","display_name":"Michael Koller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-6010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Koller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071826560","display_name":"Astrid Weiss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7803-9413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Astrid Weiss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Computer Interaction Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Computer Interaction Group, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042263943","display_name":"Matthias Hirschmanner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Hirschmanner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013565399","display_name":"Markus Vincze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-491X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Vincze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation and Control Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072723216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.952,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85355984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1062714","last_page":"1062714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.9332391023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanoid-robot","display_name":"Humanoid robot","score":0.6837623119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.6535139679908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5652823448181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5507081151008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5285248756408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4850861132144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.46127012372016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.44367292523384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3992120027542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.18169954419136047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.9332391023635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60692881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584529","display_name":"Humanoid robot","level":3,"score":0.6837623119354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.6535139679908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5652823448181152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5507081151008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5285248756408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4850861132144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46127012372016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44367292523384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3992120027542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.18169954419136047}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37102131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37102131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10123290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10123290","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10123290/pdf/frobt-10-1062714.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ad5c08e08c84ac7914bd2002b3093c8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ad5c08e08c84ac7914bd2002b3093c8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1062714/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3906893829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"I3969-N30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G748137671","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"I3969-N30 InDex","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322839","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362735819.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598140581","https://openalex.org/W1600099874","https://openalex.org/W1667165204","https://openalex.org/W1985479696","https://openalex.org/W2011578113","https://openalex.org/W2027151471","https://openalex.org/W2030709657","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2039954205","https://openalex.org/W2056561350","https://openalex.org/W2062242288","https://openalex.org/W2064422984","https://openalex.org/W2065559115","https://openalex.org/W2067524658","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2077324971","https://openalex.org/W2096284813","https://openalex.org/W2110022606","https://openalex.org/W2124342905","https://openalex.org/W2131799829","https://openalex.org/W2138141985","https://openalex.org/W2150758961","https://openalex.org/W2210396547","https://openalex.org/W2528951757","https://openalex.org/W2550157396","https://openalex.org/W2560167939","https://openalex.org/W2579063557","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2739079456","https://openalex.org/W2765434923","https://openalex.org/W2766658315","https://openalex.org/W2800491939","https://openalex.org/W2925343847","https://openalex.org/W2948886754","https://openalex.org/W2999372975","https://openalex.org/W3119950605","https://openalex.org/W3147530121","https://openalex.org/W3155176198","https://openalex.org/W3164768748","https://openalex.org/W4210933900","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W6600348643","https://openalex.org/W6654736687","https://openalex.org/W6658085879","https://openalex.org/W6662111703","https://openalex.org/W6664631441","https://openalex.org/W6732627134","https://openalex.org/W6737398715","https://openalex.org/W6740061210","https://openalex.org/W6741237239","https://openalex.org/W6761095679","https://openalex.org/W6766378769","https://openalex.org/W6780497204","https://openalex.org/W6800370237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1968552888","https://openalex.org/W2374116601","https://openalex.org/W3093134843","https://openalex.org/W1511346092","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W4388576605","https://openalex.org/W2062302545","https://openalex.org/W4293926484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Similar":[0],"to":[1,23,81,130,149,160,195,229,231,270],"human-human":[2],"interaction":[3,13,75,151],"(HHI),":[4],"gaze":[5,18,25,40,46,64,88,108,171,178,184,198,244,250,274],"is":[6,58,235,251],"an":[7],"important":[8],"modality":[9],"in":[10,30,96,175,222],"conversational":[11,31,98,223],"human-robot":[12],"(HRI)":[14],"settings.":[15],"Previously,":[16],"human-inspired":[17,63,273],"parameters":[19,65,275],"have":[20],"been":[21],"used":[22,266],"implement":[24],"behavior":[26,47,172,281],"for":[27,104,210,278],"humanoid":[28,114,227],"robots":[29],"settings":[32,224],"and":[33,48,77,153,246],"improve":[34],"user":[35,193],"experience":[36],"(UX).":[37],"Other":[38],"robotic":[39,170],"implementations":[41],"disregard":[42],"social":[43],"aspects":[44],"of":[45,85,93,112,220,240,256],"pursue":[49],"a":[50,97,113,117,142,145,192,226,247,254,268],"technical":[51],"goal":[52],"(e.g.,":[53],"face":[54],"tracking).":[55],"However,":[56,164,200],"it":[57],"unclear":[59],"how":[60],"deviating":[61],"from":[62,121,272],"affects":[66],"the":[67,83,91,94,102,107,126,134,162,169,176,196,208,214,218,232,238],"UX.":[68],"In":[69,216],"this":[70],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"use":[73],"eye-tracking,":[74],"duration,":[76],"self-reported":[78],"attitudinal":[79],"measures":[80],"study":[82],"impact":[84],"non-human":[86],"inspired":[87],"timings":[89],"on":[90,141],"UX":[92],"participants":[95,156,181,201],"setting.":[99],"We":[100],"show":[101],"results":[103,138],"systematically":[105],"varying":[106],"aversion":[109,179,194],"ratio":[110],"(GAR)":[111],"robot":[115,197,209,228,280],"over":[116],"broad":[118],"parameter":[119],"range":[120],"almost":[122,131],"always":[123,132,253],"gazing":[124],"at":[125],"human":[127,155],"conversation":[128],"partner":[129],"averting":[133],"gaze.":[135],"The":[136],"main":[137],"reveal":[139],"that":[140,154],"behavioral":[143],"level,":[144],"low":[146],"GAR":[147,159,234],"leads":[148],"shorter":[150],"durations":[152],"change":[157],"their":[158],"mimic":[161],"robot.":[163],"they":[165],"do":[166,182,202],"not":[167,183,203,252],"copy":[168],"strictly.":[173],"Additionally,":[174],"lowest":[177],"setting,":[180],"back":[185],"as":[186,188,259,267],"much":[187],"expected,":[189],"which":[190],"indicates":[191],"behavior.":[199],"report":[204],"different":[205,211],"attitudes":[206],"toward":[207],"GARs":[212],"during":[213],"interaction.":[215],"summary,":[217],"urge":[219,239],"humans":[221],"with":[225],"adapt":[230],"perceived":[233],"stronger":[236],"than":[237],"intimacy":[241],"regulation":[242],"through":[243],"aversion,":[245],"high":[248,257],"mutual":[249],"sign":[255],"comfort,":[258],"suggested":[260],"earlier.":[261],"This":[262],"result":[263],"can":[264],"be":[265],"justification":[269],"deviate":[271],"when":[276],"necessary":[277],"specific":[279],"implementations.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}