{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313272543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","title":"Additively manufactured unimorph dielectric elastomer actuators: Design, materials, and fabrication","display_name":"Additively manufactured unimorph dielectric elastomer actuators: Design, materials, and fabrication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313272543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36591410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087563765","display_name":"Stanislav Sikulskyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Sikulskyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043470900","display_name":"Zefu Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5606-5893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zefu Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080288906","display_name":"Danayit T Mekonnen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danayit T. Mekonnen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042560220","display_name":"Aleiya Holyoak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleiya Holyoak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041060043","display_name":"Rishikesh Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-6565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishikesh Srinivasaraghavan Govindarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650948","display_name":"Daewon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3885-3925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daewon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100650948"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.8174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68539555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1034914","last_page":"1034914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unimorph","display_name":"Unimorph","score":0.9253455400466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.7855692505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.7214962244033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer","display_name":"Elastomer","score":0.6954991817474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.6775400638580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.643767237663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5252508521080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.4715923070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.41827964782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2729416787624359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1302010416984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07766065001487732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7885234","display_name":"Unimorph","level":3,"score":0.9253455400466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.7855692505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.7214962244033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38052585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266","display_name":"Elastomer","level":2,"score":0.6954991817474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.6775400638580322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.643767237663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5252508521080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4715923070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41827964782714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2729416787624359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1302010416984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07766065001487732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36591410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36591410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in robotics and AI","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bcba1a0a77804004a5f66635c4cd771e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bcba1a0a77804004a5f66635c4cd771e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol 9 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9800877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9800877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Robot AI","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1034914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595095599","display_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","issn_l":"2296-9144","issn":["2296-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977421569","https://openalex.org/W2001270708","https://openalex.org/W2002525404","https://openalex.org/W2089444942","https://openalex.org/W2116500100","https://openalex.org/W2137323938","https://openalex.org/W2157195237","https://openalex.org/W2468140274","https://openalex.org/W2521409729","https://openalex.org/W2789845966","https://openalex.org/W2911887105","https://openalex.org/W2921652200","https://openalex.org/W2984221450","https://openalex.org/W2987068209","https://openalex.org/W3026447752","https://openalex.org/W3083486657","https://openalex.org/W3137796601","https://openalex.org/W3139448486","https://openalex.org/W3154980588","https://openalex.org/W3162133605","https://openalex.org/W3173789339","https://openalex.org/W3181287635","https://openalex.org/W3190856263","https://openalex.org/W3217762221","https://openalex.org/W4220915985","https://openalex.org/W4224246299","https://openalex.org/W4234762021","https://openalex.org/W4246639319","https://openalex.org/W4285171715","https://openalex.org/W4285800238","https://openalex.org/W4300172060","https://openalex.org/W6672736271","https://openalex.org/W6742689876","https://openalex.org/W6801196035","https://openalex.org/W6839905423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W184456770","https://openalex.org/W2056088825","https://openalex.org/W2038255975","https://openalex.org/W2123932274","https://openalex.org/W2155005080","https://openalex.org/W2069264709","https://openalex.org/W2128044771","https://openalex.org/W2529034204","https://openalex.org/W1985273112","https://openalex.org/W2502038055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dielectric":[0],"elastomer":[1,186],"actuator":[2],"(DEA)":[3],"is":[4,43,93,98,110,122],"a":[5,78,88,145,166,179,192,222],"smart":[6],"material":[7,67,107,245],"that":[8,97],"holds":[9],"promise":[10],"for":[11,30,101,114,142,161,194,255,272],"soft":[12,32],"robotics":[13,33],"due":[14,71],"to":[15,46,65,72,170,281],"the":[16,47,73,117,120,129,136,147,219,237,244,256,262,268,283],"material's":[17],"intrinsic":[18],"softness,":[19],"high":[20],"energy":[21],"density,":[22],"fast":[23],"response,":[24],"and":[25,42,68,76,85,106,139,189,215,228,242,258],"reversible":[26],"electromechanical":[27],"characteristics.":[28],"Like":[29],"most":[31],"materials,":[34],"additive":[35],"manufacturing":[36],"(AM)":[37],"can":[38],"significantly":[39],"benefit":[40],"DEAs":[41],"mainly":[44],"applied":[45],"unimorph":[48],"DEA":[49,103,182],"(UDEA)":[50],"configuration.":[51],"While":[52],"major":[53],"aspects":[54],"of":[55,82,90,119,124,131,153,174,202,221,239,267],"UDEA":[56,175,207,230],"modeling":[57,123],"are":[58,63],"known,":[59],"3D":[60,125,162,180,223],"printed":[61,126,163,181,224],"UDEAs":[62],"subject":[64],"specific":[66],"geometrical":[69],"limitations":[70],"AM":[74],"process":[75],"require":[77],"more":[79],"thorough":[80],"analysis":[81],"their":[83,132,273],"design":[84,104,133,158,208,231],"performance.":[86],"Furthermore,":[87],"figure":[89],"merit":[91],"(FOM)":[92],"an":[94],"analytical":[95,149],"tool":[96],"frequently":[99],"used":[100],"planar":[102],"optimization":[105],"selection":[108],"but":[109],"not":[111],"yet":[112],"derived":[113,148],"UDEA.":[115,225],"Thus,":[116],"objective":[118],"paper":[121],"UDEAs,":[127],"analyzing":[128],"effects":[130],"features":[134],"on":[135,156,205],"actuation":[137,154,220],"performance,":[138],"deriving":[140],"FOMs":[141,198],"UDEAs.":[143],"As":[144],"result,":[146],"model":[150,211],"demonstrates":[151],"dependence":[152],"performance":[155],"various":[157,200,279],"parameters":[159],"typical":[160],"DEAs,":[164],"provides":[165],"new":[167],"optimum":[168],"thickness":[169,238],"Young's":[171],"modulus":[172],"ratio":[173],"layers":[176],"when":[177],"designing":[178],"with":[183],"fixed":[184],"dielectric":[185,259],"layer":[187,241],"thickness,":[188],"serves":[190],"as":[191],"base":[193],"UDEAs'":[195],"FOMs.":[196],"The":[197,210,226],"have":[199],"degrees":[201],"complexity":[203],"depending":[204],"considered":[206],"features.":[209],"was":[212,232],"numerically":[213],"verified":[214],"experimentally":[216],"validated":[217],"through":[218,286],"fabricated":[227],"tested":[229],"optimized":[233],"geometrically":[234],"by":[235,247],"controlling":[236],"each":[240],"from":[243],"perspective":[246],"mixing":[248],"commercially":[249],"available":[250],"silicones":[251,269],"in":[252],"non-standard":[253,264],"ratios":[254,266],"passive":[257],"layers.":[260],"Finally,":[261],"prepared":[263],"mix":[265],"were":[270],"characterized":[271],"viscosity":[274],"dynamics":[275],"during":[276],"curing":[277],"at":[278],"conditions":[280],"investigate":[282],"silicones'":[284],"manufacturability":[285],"AM.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}