{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404937449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","title":"AI-powered fraud and the erosion of online survey integrity: an analysis of 31 fraud detection strategies","display_name":"AI-powered fraud and the erosion of online survey integrity: an analysis of 31 fraud detection strategies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404937449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39687573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/articles/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596295431","display_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","issn_l":"2504-0537","issn":["2504-0537"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/articles/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082384049","display_name":"Natalia Pinz\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2610-9552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Pinz\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061807480","display_name":"Vikram Koundinya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2353-6468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vikram Koundinya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069623959","display_name":"Ryan E. Galt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0243-5636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan E. Galt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Sustainability Institute, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Sustainability Institute, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073370507","display_name":"William L. Dowling","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William O'R. Dowling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114964783","display_name":"Marcela Baukloh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcela Baukloh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhizobia LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093612903","display_name":"Namah C. Taku-Forchu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Namah C. Taku-Forchu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076551226","display_name":"Tracy Schohr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-4243"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Schohr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027912284","display_name":"Leslie M. Roche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2954-8056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie M. Roche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093612904","display_name":"Samuel Ikendi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Ikendi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044468507","display_name":"Mark Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5115-3742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102945766","display_name":"Lauren E. Parker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren E. Parker","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Climate Hub, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Davis, CA, United States","Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Climate Hub, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geography Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013794216","display_name":"Tapan B. Pathak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapan B. Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States","University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, CA, United States","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061807480","https://openalex.org/A5082384049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"apc_paid":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"fwci":6.5457,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97404882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1432774","last_page":"1432774"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7148728370666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-power","display_name":"Predictive power","score":0.5392971634864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.441245973110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4202556908130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.37503230571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10279202461242676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7148728370666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.5392971634864807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.441245973110199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4202556908130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.37503230571746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10279202461242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/articles/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596295431","display_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","issn_l":"2504-0537","issn":["2504-0537"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39687573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39687573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in research metrics and analytics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt94h3f6sk","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/94h3f6sk","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt94h3f6sk/qt94h3f6sk.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11646990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11646990","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11646990/pdf/frma-09-1432774.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Res Metr Anal","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f8bdfb882a84db7b92015733c29ffdd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5f8bdfb882a84db7b92015733c29ffdd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, Vol 9 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/research-metrics-and-analytics/articles/10.3389/frma.2024.1432774/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596295431","display_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","issn_l":"2504-0537","issn":["2504-0537"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404937449.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112245063","https://openalex.org/W2117633598","https://openalex.org/W2609226177","https://openalex.org/W2801228313","https://openalex.org/W2887283641","https://openalex.org/W2914472042","https://openalex.org/W2995933683","https://openalex.org/W3007889882","https://openalex.org/W3016356715","https://openalex.org/W3092599002","https://openalex.org/W3115100653","https://openalex.org/W3123404044","https://openalex.org/W3125283999","https://openalex.org/W3155633038","https://openalex.org/W3161471565","https://openalex.org/W3170790730","https://openalex.org/W3174265130","https://openalex.org/W3180016080","https://openalex.org/W3189187564","https://openalex.org/W3201992062","https://openalex.org/W3206957188","https://openalex.org/W3211075173","https://openalex.org/W3215946960","https://openalex.org/W4212910590","https://openalex.org/W4212968553","https://openalex.org/W4224326404","https://openalex.org/W4226140618","https://openalex.org/W4281767131","https://openalex.org/W4291227628","https://openalex.org/W4301053252","https://openalex.org/W4307884218","https://openalex.org/W4317422613","https://openalex.org/W4318406178","https://openalex.org/W4324374807","https://openalex.org/W4380767738","https://openalex.org/W4391668179","https://openalex.org/W4394201237","https://openalex.org/W4399670639","https://openalex.org/W4399721521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2367468089","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358591856","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2098133976","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2347416728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,15,60,75,85,102,117,153],"AI-powered":[3],"bots":[4],"and":[5,29,65,89,109,123],"sophisticated":[6,57],"fraudsters":[7,58],"poses":[8],"a":[9,34,114,142],"significant":[10],"threat":[11],"to":[12,45,51,134],"the":[13,72,83,100],"integrity":[14],"scientific":[16],"studies":[17],"reliant":[18],"on":[19],"online":[20,41,76],"surveys":[21,42,95],"across":[22],"diverse":[23],"disciplines,":[24],"including":[25],"health,":[26],"social,":[27],"environmental":[28],"political":[30],"sciences.":[31],"We":[32],"found":[33],"substantial":[35],"decline":[36],"in":[37,47,96,120],"usable":[38],"responses":[39,64],"from":[40,43],"75":[44],"10%":[46],"recent":[48],"years":[49],"due":[50],"survey":[52,77,132],"fraud.":[53],"Monetary":[54],"incentives":[55],"attract":[56],"capable":[59],"mimicking":[61],"genuine":[62],"open-ended":[63],"verifying":[66],"information":[67],"submitted":[68],"months":[69],"prior,":[70],"showcasing":[71],"advanced":[73],"capabilities":[74],"fraud":[78,87],"today.":[79],"This":[80],"study":[81],"evaluates":[82],"efficacy":[84],"31":[86],"indicators":[88,140],"six":[90],"ensembles":[91],"using":[92],"two":[93],"agriculture":[94],"California.":[97],"To":[98],"evaluate":[99],"performance":[101],"each":[103],"indicator,":[104],"we":[105],"use":[106],"predictive":[107],"power":[108,112],"recall.":[110],"Predictive":[111],"is":[113],"novel":[115,143],"variation":[116],"precision":[118],"introduced":[119],"this":[121],"study,":[122],"both":[124],"are":[125],"simple":[126],"metrics":[127],"that":[128],"allow":[129],"for":[130],"non-academic":[131],"practitioners":[133],"replicate":[135],"our":[136],"methods.":[137],"best":[139],"included":[141],"email":[144],"address":[145],"score,":[146],"MinFraud":[147],"Risk":[148],"Score,":[149],"consecutive":[150],"submissions,":[151],"opting-out":[152],"incentives,":[154],"improbable":[155],"location.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}