{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414103964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","title":"Privacy considerations for LLMs and other AI models: an input and output privacy approach","display_name":"Privacy considerations for LLMs and other AI models: an input and output privacy approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414103964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070770015","display_name":"Zixin Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7936-4445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127330","display_name":"Modern Technology Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/035yp8515","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zixin Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119585001","display_name":"Leena Dave","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127330","display_name":"Modern Technology Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/035yp8515","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leena Dave","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003653522","display_name":"R. W. B. Lewis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127330","display_name":"Modern Technology Solutions (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/035yp8515","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashonda Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Data Modernization Solutions, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070770015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127330"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.9057,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89210105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptualization","display_name":"Conceptualization","score":0.7567999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.7087000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6862000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.6744999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5651000142097473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.7567999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.7087000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6862000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.6744999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18414002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8354932","display_name":"Right to privacy","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f521e8525384c4c934cb9abc20a2705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f521e8525384c4c934cb9abc20a2705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks, Vol 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1600750/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310334","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414103964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414103964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2496214462","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W2975317124","https://openalex.org/W2981347044","https://openalex.org/W3046764764","https://openalex.org/W3047327820","https://openalex.org/W3105797690","https://openalex.org/W3127843656","https://openalex.org/W3165327186","https://openalex.org/W3196832521","https://openalex.org/W4281774243","https://openalex.org/W4283172211","https://openalex.org/W4290802460","https://openalex.org/W4292084264","https://openalex.org/W4297900086","https://openalex.org/W4323349011","https://openalex.org/W4378942304","https://openalex.org/W4383334323","https://openalex.org/W4386021310","https://openalex.org/W4387355380","https://openalex.org/W4387596201","https://openalex.org/W4387702307","https://openalex.org/W4389118479","https://openalex.org/W4389379814","https://openalex.org/W4392594066","https://openalex.org/W4392903596","https://openalex.org/W4399454892","https://openalex.org/W4401822233","https://openalex.org/W4403883995","https://openalex.org/W4404088224","https://openalex.org/W4405301115","https://openalex.org/W4412130408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W3027166605","https://openalex.org/W3134350841","https://openalex.org/W3136495642","https://openalex.org/W3129454145","https://openalex.org/W3153181207","https://openalex.org/W2110748233","https://openalex.org/W2240244939","https://openalex.org/W3094057321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"framework":[1,82,130,174],"of":[2,10,46,69,145,179,201,204],"Input":[3,78,126,146,164],"and":[4,66,79,94,102,105,108,127,143,147,154,157,165,177,187,197],"Output":[5,80,128,148,166],"Privacy":[6,81,129,167],"aids":[7],"in":[8,23,112,194],"conceptualization":[9,45],"data":[11,35,92,152],"privacy":[12,47,70,100,116,135,149,189,205],"protections,":[13],"providing":[14],"considerations":[15,32,159],"for":[16,44,137,168,184,198],"situations":[17],"where":[18,115,186],"multiple":[19],"parties":[20],"are":[21,54],"collaborating":[22],"a":[24,37,50],"compute":[25,38],"system":[26],"(Input":[27],"Privacy)":[28],"as":[29,31],"well":[30],"when":[33,133],"releasing":[34],"from":[36],"process":[39],"(Output":[40],"Privacy).":[41],"Similar":[42],"frameworks":[43],"protections":[48,117,136,190],"at":[49],"systems":[51,93,97,114,153,169,181,196],"design":[52],"level":[53],"lacking":[55],"within":[56],"the":[57,77,110,119,125,141],"Artificial":[58,84],"Intelligence":[59,85],"space,":[60],"which":[61],"can":[62,191],"lead":[63],"to":[64,83,98,162],"mischaracterizations":[65],"incorrect":[67],"implementations":[68,203],"protections.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75],"apply":[76],"(AI)":[86],"systems,":[87,139,156],"establishing":[88],"parallels":[89],"between":[90,150],"traditional":[91,151],"newer":[95],"AI":[96,103,138,155,171,180],"help":[99],"professionals":[101],"developers":[104,176],"deployers":[106,178],"conceptualize":[107],"determine":[109],"places":[111],"those":[113],"have":[118],"greatest":[120],"effect.":[121],"We":[122],"discuss":[123],"why":[124],"is":[131],"useful":[132],"evaluating":[134],"examine":[140],"similarities":[142],"differences":[144],"provide":[158],"on":[160],"how":[161,188],"protect":[163],"utilizing":[170],"models.":[172],"This":[173],"offers":[175],"common":[182],"ground":[183],"conceptualizing":[185],"be":[192],"applied":[193],"their":[195],"minimizing":[199],"risk":[200],"misaligned":[202],"protection.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
