{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401194629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","title":"Visitor safety and security compliance as a key component of event planning and implementation? Findings from a German research project on COVID-19","display_name":"Visitor safety and security compliance as a key component of event planning and implementation? Findings from a German research project on COVID-19","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401194629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022051698","display_name":"Patricia M. Sch\u00fctte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-7962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia M. Sch\u00fctte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086662010","display_name":"Yannic Schulte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5577-5618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yannic Schulte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055060206","display_name":"Alexandra Schmitt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066317086","display_name":"Malte Sch\u00f6nefeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1790-5485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malte Sch\u00f6nefeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109756623","display_name":"Vivien Barber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivien Barber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088020309","display_name":"Frank Fiedrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0844-3079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Fiedrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Public Safety and Emergency Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18437799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11474","display_name":"Sport and Mega-Event Impacts","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11474","display_name":"Sport and Mega-Event Impacts","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.780548632144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visitor-pattern","display_name":"Visitor pattern","score":0.7327753901481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.6254041194915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5690171718597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5686513781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5088567733764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5053330063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3863658905029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3660394251346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-relations","display_name":"Public relations","score":0.32604968547821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3103913962841034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29872748255729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.28310269117355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20930108428001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.19961974024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13564148545265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.09840044379234314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.780548632144928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48947383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830719","display_name":"Visitor pattern","level":2,"score":0.7327753901481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6254041194915771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5690171718597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5686513781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5088567733764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5053330063819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3863658905029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3660394251346588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.32604968547821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3103913962841034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29872748255729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28310269117355347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20930108428001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.19961974024772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13564148545265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.09840044379234314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30bfaca64ec54697b99a276761743729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30bfaca64ec54697b99a276761743729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks, Vol 5 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2024.1368506/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6632308523","display_name":"Nichtpharmazeutische Interventionen und Analyse des sozialen Kontextes f\u00fcr sichere Veranstaltungen","funder_award_id":"466313334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401194629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401194629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117988157","https://openalex.org/W606329772","https://openalex.org/W1604477195","https://openalex.org/W1997099812","https://openalex.org/W2053026473","https://openalex.org/W2055601989","https://openalex.org/W2081578409","https://openalex.org/W2103162232","https://openalex.org/W2109019025","https://openalex.org/W2149662396","https://openalex.org/W2478223125","https://openalex.org/W2560315704","https://openalex.org/W2918301752","https://openalex.org/W2981951610","https://openalex.org/W3013495027","https://openalex.org/W3017042654","https://openalex.org/W3155874642","https://openalex.org/W3212190023","https://openalex.org/W4220889040","https://openalex.org/W4233074556","https://openalex.org/W4237233423","https://openalex.org/W4238360503","https://openalex.org/W4251045099","https://openalex.org/W4281259613","https://openalex.org/W4284690829","https://openalex.org/W4285097571","https://openalex.org/W4289516469","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W4302446402","https://openalex.org/W4311836293","https://openalex.org/W4313432324","https://openalex.org/W4313729858","https://openalex.org/W4386267254","https://openalex.org/W6756975316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389484663","https://openalex.org/W100279264","https://openalex.org/W3025803919","https://openalex.org/W2962094963","https://openalex.org/W3035526107","https://openalex.org/W3210442065","https://openalex.org/W2263713325","https://openalex.org/W3043002835","https://openalex.org/W2324278002","https://openalex.org/W4308842449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Event":[1],"Safety":[2],"and":[3,18,32,43,58,65,77,136,156,183,191,243,267,274,289,305,334],"Security":[4],"Production":[5],"(ESSP)":[6],"typically":[7],"involves":[8],"event":[9,56,62,181,296,329,343],"organizers,":[10],"private":[11],"security":[12,288],"firms,":[13],"authorities,":[14],"police,":[15],"fire":[16],"brigades,":[17],"others.":[19],"Their":[20],"joint":[21],"responsibility":[22],"is":[23,337,349],"to":[24,73,222,236,286,325,340,347],"ensure":[25],"safety,":[26],"decide":[27],"on":[28,40,81,106,207,262],"measures,":[29],"communicate":[30],"them,":[31],"enforce":[33],"them":[34],"when":[35],"necessary.":[36],"Effective":[37],"ESSP":[38,348],"relies":[39],"visitor":[41,127,145,173,269,277,326],"cooperation":[42],"rule":[44,53,109],"compliance.":[45,110],"The":[46],"COVID-19":[47,253],"pandemic":[48,85,155,219],"highlighted":[49],"the":[50,61,124,134,154,161,168,212,218,224,232,256,263,272,300,312,315,338],"importance":[51,301],"of":[52,126,138,170,215,231,250,276,302],"compliance":[54,83,125,169,251],"in":[55,99,133,180,271,292,345],"safety":[57,76,128,146,174,278,290,327],"security.":[59],"With":[60],"industry\u2019s":[63],"standstill":[64],"subsequent":[66],"reopening":[67,214],"under":[68,84],"strict":[69],"conditions,":[70],"organizers":[71,330],"had":[72],"implement":[74],"comprehensive":[75],"hygiene":[78],"measures.":[79,279],"Studies":[80],"crowd":[82,293],"conditions":[86],"identified":[87],"influencing":[88],"factors.":[89],"These":[90,280],"include":[91],"perceived":[92],"threats,":[93],"sociodemographic":[94],"characteristics,":[95],"group":[96],"behavior,":[97],"trust":[98],"institutions,":[100],"etc..":[101],"Methods:":[102],"Little":[103],"research":[104,116,205],"focuses":[105],"actively":[107],"promoting":[108],"Therefore,":[111],"this":[112,298,336],"paper":[113],"addresses":[114],"three":[115],"questions":[117,227],"(RQ):":[118],"(1)":[119],"To":[120,141],"what":[121,142],"extent":[122,143],"does":[123],"measures":[129,147,171,254,291],"play":[130],"a":[131,195,203,247,320],"role":[132],"planning":[135,182],"implementation":[137,273],"events?":[139],"(2)":[140],"have":[144],"been":[148],"complied":[149],"with":[150,252,259,314],"at":[151],"events":[152,216,285],"during":[153,217],"did":[157],"that":[158,342],"change":[159],"throughout":[160],"pandemic?":[162],"And":[163],"finally":[164],"(3)":[165],"How":[166],"can":[167],"for":[172,211,238,265],"explicitly":[175],"be":[176,332],"taken":[177],"into":[178],"account":[179],"implementation?":[184],"Qualitative":[185],"data":[186,193,233],"from":[187,194,202],"11":[188],"expert":[189,260],"interviews":[190],"quantitative":[192],"representative":[196],"population":[197],"survey":[198,257],"(N":[199],"=":[200],"10,239)":[201],"German":[204],"project":[206],"non-pharmaceutical":[208],"interventions":[209],"(NPIs)":[210],"safe":[213],"are":[220],"used":[221],"answer":[223],"first":[225],"two":[226],"(RQ1;":[228],"RQ2).":[229],"Results":[230,242],"triangulation":[234],"point":[235],"recommendations":[237],"practical":[239],"application":[240],"(RQ3).":[241],"Discussion:":[244],"Findings":[245],"suggest":[246],"high":[248],"level":[249],"among":[255],"respondents,":[258],"consensus":[261],"need":[264],"active":[266],"communicative":[268],"involvement":[270],"enforcement":[275],"insights":[281],"extend":[282],"beyond":[283],"pandemic-specific":[284],"traditional":[287],"management.":[294],"For":[295],"practice,":[297],"indicates":[299],"consistent,":[303],"transparent,":[304],"engaging":[306],"communication":[307,344],"strategies":[308],"starting":[309],"well":[310],"before":[311],"event,":[313],"customer":[316],"journey":[317],"approach":[318],"as":[319],"potential":[321],"solution.":[322],"Suitable":[323],"approaches":[324],"by":[328],"should":[331],"implementable":[333],"enforceable;":[335],"key":[339],"ensuring":[341],"relation":[346],"effective.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
