{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386421937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","title":"When ChatGPT goes rogue: exploring the potential cybersecurity threats of AI-powered conversational chatbots","display_name":"When ChatGPT goes rogue: exploring the potential cybersecurity threats of AI-powered conversational chatbots","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386421937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068447696","display_name":"Farkhund Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9081-3598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farkhund Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035796165","display_name":"Faniel Samsom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faniel Samsom","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031268662","display_name":"Faouzi Kamoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3740-1452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112335","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure Priv\u00e9e d'Ing\u00e9nierie et de Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/021f99908","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faouzi Kamoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, ESPRIT, Tunis, Tunisia","School of Engineering, ESPRIT, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, ESPRIT, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, ESPRIT, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112335"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021623176","display_name":"\u00c1ine MacDermott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ine MacDermott","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068447696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":3.7444,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94540835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offensive","display_name":"Offensive","score":0.9091280698776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.7910284399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7738473415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.7737899422645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6012927293777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.5494312047958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4700530767440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honeypot","display_name":"Honeypot","score":0.4604324698448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21253174543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16837123036384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.15251874923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.11516249179840088}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.9091280698776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.7910284399986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7738473415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.7737899422645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6012927293777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.5494312047958374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4700530767440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191267431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911932","display_name":"Honeypot","level":2,"score":0.4604324698448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21253174543380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16837123036384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.15251874923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.11516249179840088}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:23817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/23817/2/When%20ChatGPT%20Goes%20Rogue%20Exploring%20the%20Potential%20Cybersecurity%20Threats%20of%20AI-powered%20Conversational%20Chatbots.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f90094bd5ab64f2c8b224c17a1415d6b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f90094bd5ab64f2c8b224c17a1415d6b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks, Vol 4 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2023.1220243/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213607","display_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","issn_l":"2673-530X","issn":["2673-530X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Communications and Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386421937.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2598692538","https://openalex.org/W2929803724","https://openalex.org/W2954633544","https://openalex.org/W3117736439","https://openalex.org/W3156829097","https://openalex.org/W4285817102","https://openalex.org/W4288412638","https://openalex.org/W4318466533","https://openalex.org/W4318566811","https://openalex.org/W4323256981","https://openalex.org/W4324138013","https://openalex.org/W4353044174","https://openalex.org/W4360818927","https://openalex.org/W4361019406","https://openalex.org/W6787787121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2362574935","https://openalex.org/W1926248","https://openalex.org/W3118687971","https://openalex.org/W2363507101","https://openalex.org/W3159372857","https://openalex.org/W4320401378","https://openalex.org/W1517527854","https://openalex.org/W776729438","https://openalex.org/W2147767253","https://openalex.org/W1560502410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ChatGPT":[0,35,69,93,106,122],"has":[1,13,36],"garnered":[2],"significant":[3],"interest":[4],"since":[5],"its":[6,42,51],"release":[7],"in":[8,18,74,107],"November":[9],"2022":[10],"and":[11,26,50,57,96,113,126,137],"it":[12],"showcased":[14],"a":[15,31],"strong":[16],"versatility":[17],"terms":[19],"of":[20,68,92,105,121,134],"potential":[21,39,90,119],"applications":[22],"across":[23],"various":[24],"industries":[25],"domains.":[27],"Defensive":[28],"cybersecurity":[29,47],"is":[30],"particular":[32],"area":[33],"where":[34],"demonstrated":[37],"considerable":[38],"thanks":[40],"to":[41,44,53,61,85,94,123],"ability":[43],"provide":[45,58,138],"customized":[46],"awareness":[48],"training":[49],"capability":[52],"assess":[54],"security":[55],"vulnerabilities":[56],"concrete":[59],"recommendations":[60,140],"remediate":[62],"them.":[63],"However,":[64],"the":[65,89,102,118,131],"offensive":[66],"use":[67],"(and":[70],"AI-powered":[71],"conversational":[72],"agents,":[73],"general)":[75],"remains":[76],"an":[77],"underexplored":[78],"research":[79],"topic.":[80],"This":[81],"preliminary":[82],"study":[83,136],"aims":[84],"shed":[86],"light":[87],"on":[88],"weaponization":[91],"facilitate":[95],"initiate":[97],"cyberattacks.":[98],"We":[99,129],"briefly":[100],"review":[101],"defensive":[103],"usage":[104],"cybersecurity,":[108],"then,":[109],"through":[110],"practical":[111,132],"examples":[112],"use-case":[114],"scenarios,":[115],"we":[116],"illustrate":[117],"misuse":[120],"launch":[124],"hacking":[125],"cybercrime":[127],"activities.":[128],"discuss":[130],"implications":[133],"our":[135],"some":[139],"for":[141],"future":[142],"research.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
