{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134852686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","title":"Identification of ischemic stroke subtypes defined by inflammation, coagulation, and metabolic profiles","display_name":"Identification of ischemic stroke subtypes defined by inflammation, coagulation, and metabolic profiles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134852686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029305981","display_name":"Hezhen Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hezhen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120799187","display_name":"Dilraba Mahmut","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilraba Mahmut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128678857","display_name":"Fanshu Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fanshu Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049418992","display_name":"Haimiao Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haimiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128642198","display_name":"Wei Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091186770","display_name":"Xingya Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingya Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128637674","display_name":"Biao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102371","display_name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00q6wbs64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huanhu Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128637674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102371"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19504481,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1776891","last_page":"1776891"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.3093999922275543,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11266","display_name":"Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms","score":0.3093999922275543,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.13359999656677246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12030","display_name":"S100 Proteins and Annexins","score":0.0934000015258789,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemic-stroke","display_name":"Ischemic stroke","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.31949999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7261000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202","display_name":"Ischemic stroke","level":3,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778213512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41883754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13008919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13008919/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13008919/pdf/frai-09-1776891.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:acca89948d4d489bae6406078c435623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/acca89948d4d489bae6406078c435623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1776891/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7603418827056885,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134852686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134852686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520348292","https://openalex.org/W1976196376","https://openalex.org/W1993754893","https://openalex.org/W2141255474","https://openalex.org/W2164408739","https://openalex.org/W2212339030","https://openalex.org/W2517893916","https://openalex.org/W2520719933","https://openalex.org/W2536669378","https://openalex.org/W2988991070","https://openalex.org/W3118669451","https://openalex.org/W3119555533","https://openalex.org/W3197233575","https://openalex.org/W3201073073","https://openalex.org/W3207322507","https://openalex.org/W4210440929","https://openalex.org/W4214944315","https://openalex.org/W4220933397","https://openalex.org/W4394723015","https://openalex.org/W4404902411","https://openalex.org/W4405315535","https://openalex.org/W4410377747","https://openalex.org/W4411331004"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Ischemic":[1],"stroke":[2,34,192,208],"is":[3],"a":[4,116,127,145,161],"heterogeneous":[5],"disease":[6,151],"influenced":[7],"by":[8,72,134,166],"inflammation,":[9,196],"coagulation":[10],"dysfunction,":[11],"and":[12,41,55,75,92,130,152,156,177,180,198,209,218],"metabolic":[13,42,162,199],"disturbances.":[14],"However,":[15],"integrated":[16],"analysis":[17,48],"incorporating":[18],"these":[19],"biological":[20],"domains":[21],"for":[22,52,89,95],"patient":[23],"stratification":[24,202],"remain":[25],"limited.":[26],"Methods":[27],"A":[28],"retrospective":[29],"study":[30],"of":[31,148,206],"132":[32],"ischemic":[33,191,207],"patients":[35],"was":[36,50,60,126,160],"conducted.":[37],"Clinical,":[38],"coagulation,":[39,197],"inflammatory,":[40],"parameters":[43],"were":[44,82],"collected.":[45],"Principal":[46],"component":[47],"(PCA)":[49],"applied":[51],"dimensionality":[53],"reduction":[54],"visualization.":[56],"K":[57,106],"-means":[58,107],"clustering":[59,108,187],"then":[61],"used":[62],"to":[63,215],"identify":[64],"subtypes":[65,193],"with":[66,120,144],"the":[67,204],"optimal":[68],"cluster":[69],"number":[70],"validated":[71],"elbow":[73],"plot":[74],"silhouette":[76],"analysis.":[77],"Differences":[78],"among":[79,103],"cluster\u2019s":[80],"groups":[81],"assessed":[83],"using":[84],"ANOVA":[85],"or":[86],"Kruskal\u2013Wallis":[87],"tests":[88,94],"continuous":[90],"variables":[91],"Chi-square":[93],"categorical":[96],"variables.":[97],"Results":[98],"PCA":[99],"revealed":[100],"underlying":[101],"heterogeneity":[102,205],"patients.":[104],"Validated":[105],"identified":[109,188],"three":[110],"distinct":[111,190],"subtypes.":[112],"Cluster":[113,124,158],"1":[114],"represented":[115],"low":[117],"inflammatory":[118,122,129,182],"subtype":[119],"reduced":[121],"markers.":[123],"2":[125],"high":[128],"hypercoagulable":[131],"subtype,":[132,164],"characterized":[133,165],"elevated":[135,170],"WBC,":[136],"NEU,":[137],"hsCRP,":[138],"FIB,":[139],"D-dimer,":[140],"PT,":[141],"INR":[142],"along":[143],"higher":[146],"prevalence":[147],"coronary":[149],"heart":[150],"carotid":[153],"plaque,":[154],"smoking,":[155],"drinking.":[157],"3":[159],"risk":[163,216],"relatively":[167],"younger":[168],"age,":[169],"TG,":[171],"CHOL,":[172],"HDL-C,":[173],"LDL-C,":[174],"APOB,":[175],"APOA-1":[176],"APOB/APOA1":[178],"ratio,":[179],"intermediate":[181],"activity.":[183],"Conclusion":[184],"Data":[185],"driven":[186],"biologically":[189],"based":[194],"on":[195],"profiles.":[200],"This":[201],"highlights":[203],"may":[210],"inform":[211],"future":[212],"personalized":[213],"approaches":[214],"assessment":[217],"management.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}
