{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133664480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","title":"Ethics and bias in emotional AI","display_name":"Ethics and bias in emotional AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133664480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41867311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128157916","display_name":"Smrithy G. S","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smrithy G. S","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038413033","display_name":"Balaji Chandrasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-5385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33585257","display_name":"Anna University, Chennai","ror":"https://ror.org/01qhf1r47","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33585257"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaji Chandrasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33585257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010331420","display_name":"J. Omana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omana J","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27744896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1768696","last_page":"1768696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.1599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.1599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.12809999287128448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.05119999870657921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-intelligence","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representativeness-heuristic","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanity","display_name":"Humanity","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"Accountability","score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4138999879360199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5734000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5662999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780422510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938","display_name":"Humanity","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107062074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109701697","display_name":"Prejudice (legal term)","level":2,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96851999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848369","display_name":"Subconscious","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118057910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373785","display_name":"Emotional competence","level":3,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41867311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41867311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec77b11256b64310acd4f505854fe6a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec77b11256b64310acd4f505854fe6a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12999954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12999954/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1768696/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4420064091682434,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319346","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322838","display_name":"VIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133664480.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133664480.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912483755","https://openalex.org/W2949450271","https://openalex.org/W4280551665","https://openalex.org/W4287262329","https://openalex.org/W4409257843","https://openalex.org/W4412417282"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotional":[0,28,138,161,181],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(Emotional":[3],"AI)":[4],"is":[5,63,83,106,183],"a":[6,186],"branch":[7],"of":[8,80,92,117,122,127,136,160],"artificial":[9],"intelligence":[10],"that":[11,180,188],"combines":[12],"machine":[13],"learning,":[14],"natural":[15],"language":[16],"processing,":[17],"and":[18,23,34,46,49,57,76,86,96,115,129,150,174],"computer":[19],"vision":[20],"to":[21,25,98,147,168,178],"perceive":[22],"react":[24],"human":[26,81,193],"feelings.":[27],"AI":[29,139,182],"will":[30],"enhance":[31],"more":[32,140],"intuitive":[33],"personal":[35],"human-machine":[36],"interactions":[37],"by":[38],"analyzing":[39],"facial":[40],"expressions,":[41,48],"speech":[42],"patterns,":[43],"physiological":[44],"factors,":[45],"behavioural":[47],"find":[50],"applications":[51],"in":[52,100,152,185],"healthcare,":[53],"education,":[54],"customer":[55],"service,":[56],"other":[58],"fields.":[59],"Although":[60],"this":[61],"field":[62],"promising,":[64],"it":[65],"comes":[66],"with":[67],"serious":[68],"ethical":[69,158],"issues":[70,159],"especially":[71],"on":[72],"privacy,":[73],"transparency,":[74],"accountability":[75],"fairness.":[77],"The":[78,120],"nature":[79],"emotions":[82,93],"intricate,":[84],"context-specific":[85],"culturally":[87],"biassed,":[88],"thus":[89],"the":[90,101,125,134,137,157,166],"perceptions":[91],"are":[94],"challenging":[95],"subject":[97],"biasness":[99],"perception.":[102],"Besides,":[103],"emotional":[104],"data":[105],"sensitive,":[107],"thus,":[108],"causing":[109],"concerns":[110],"over":[111],"its":[112],"abuse,":[113],"surveillance,":[114],"infringement":[116],"individual":[118],"rights.":[119],"problems":[121],"algorithms":[123],"bias,":[124],"representativeness":[126],"data,":[128],"even":[130],"fairness":[131],"also":[132],"make":[133],"implementation":[135],"problematic":[141],"since":[142],"biassed":[143],"systems":[144],"can":[145],"serve":[146],"strengthen":[148],"stereotypes":[149],"inequalities":[151],"society.":[153],"This":[154],"perspective":[155],"explores":[156],"AI,":[162],"which":[163],"brings":[164],"out":[165],"need":[167],"develop":[169],"ethically,":[170],"establish":[171],"good":[172],"governance,":[173],"work":[175],"together":[176],"internationally":[177],"ensure":[179],"used":[184],"way":[187],"benefits":[189],"humanity":[190],"without":[191],"denting":[192],"dignity,":[194],"security,":[195],"or":[196],"social":[197],"justice.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}
