{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134831856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","title":"Psychological features of dispute content and public acceptance of AI in legal adjudication: evidence for systematic variation beyond individual differences","display_name":"Psychological features of dispute content and public acceptance of AI in legal adjudication: evidence for systematic variation beyond individual differences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134831856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128643625","display_name":"Masahiro Fujita","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56624758","display_name":"Kansai University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg1f311","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56624758"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masahiro Fujita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Sociology, Kansai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56624758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005070398","display_name":"Eiichiro Watamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-359X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37596208","display_name":"Osaka University of Human Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05cp38y47","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37596208"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eiichiro Watamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37596208"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128643625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56624758"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24868542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1716094","last_page":"1716094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.40299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.40299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.12030000239610672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.05900000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-five-personality-traits","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivated-reasoning","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.3736000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7731000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67356462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5807210","display_name":"Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188255311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256388","display_name":"Psychological research","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781310500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231428","display_name":"Persuasion","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41883755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1b304dfb36d47f0b8255659bfe8d4c5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1b304dfb36d47f0b8255659bfe8d4c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13008955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13008955/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:4e0ec7bb-e5a9-4587-9051-06640919df4b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/5md8z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1716094/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46288803219795227,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.41926655173301697,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322312","display_name":"Kansai University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg1f311"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134831856.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7134831856.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570186766","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W1807286188","https://openalex.org/W1945038827","https://openalex.org/W1973585073","https://openalex.org/W1975450585","https://openalex.org/W1977775666","https://openalex.org/W1982990251","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W1991852683","https://openalex.org/W1998740918","https://openalex.org/W2000255081","https://openalex.org/W2004599511","https://openalex.org/W2007826806","https://openalex.org/W2009260120","https://openalex.org/W2045830397","https://openalex.org/W2063052894","https://openalex.org/W2084335597","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2089457241","https://openalex.org/W2096036274","https://openalex.org/W2098072407","https://openalex.org/W2098728364","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2110506823","https://openalex.org/W2123901740","https://openalex.org/W2129900561","https://openalex.org/W2130801612","https://openalex.org/W2141602638","https://openalex.org/W2143177257","https://openalex.org/W2155479778","https://openalex.org/W2262622127","https://openalex.org/W2331211957","https://openalex.org/W2397879252","https://openalex.org/W2536769020","https://openalex.org/W2747118274","https://openalex.org/W2792183666","https://openalex.org/W2896548965","https://openalex.org/W2910000517","https://openalex.org/W2922219931","https://openalex.org/W3083855975","https://openalex.org/W3122239688","https://openalex.org/W4251045099","https://openalex.org/W4404924769","https://openalex.org/W4405170763","https://openalex.org/W4408048224","https://openalex.org/W4409269375"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Public":[0],"acceptance":[1,108,161,202,207],"of":[2,31,63,160,193,244],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"in":[6,16,117,126,200],"legal":[7,32,86],"decision-making":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"primarily":[11],"explained":[12],"through":[13],"individual":[14,68,184],"differences":[15],"personality":[17],"traits":[18],"and":[19,54,67,130,138,151,167,175,218,232,241],"general":[20],"attitudes":[21],"toward":[22],"technology.":[23],"However,":[24],"emerging":[25],"evidence":[26],"suggests":[27],"that":[28,132,178,189],"contextual":[29,135,179],"features":[30,192],"disputes":[33,96,105],"themselves":[34],"may":[35],"systematically":[36],"influence":[37],"preferences":[38],"for":[39,72,234],"AI":[40,107,201],"versus":[41],"human":[42,98,115],"adjudicators.":[43],"Across":[44],"two":[45],"studies":[46],"with":[47,143],"Japanese":[48],"participants":[49],"(":[50,162],"N":[51,55],"=":[52,56,165],"1,384":[53],"596),":[57],"we":[58],"examined":[59],"whether":[60],"psychological":[61,191,230],"characteristics":[62],"dispute":[64,87,194],"content\u2014beyond":[65],"demographics":[66],"traits\u2014shape":[69],"acceptability":[70,82,141],"judgments":[71],"algorithmic":[73],"adjudication.":[74],"Study":[75,120],"1":[76],"employed":[77],"exploratory":[78],"factor":[79],"analysis":[80],"on":[81],"ratings":[83],"across":[84],"46":[85],"vignettes,":[88],"revealing":[89],"a":[90,168],"robust":[91],"two-dimensional":[92],"structure":[93,125],"distinguishing":[94],"interpersonal-relational":[95],"(where":[97,106],"adjudicators":[99],"were":[100],"strongly":[101],"preferred)":[102],"from":[103],"institutional-procedural":[104],"was":[109],"comparatively":[110],"higher,":[111],"though":[112],"not":[113],"surpassing":[114],"preference":[116],"most":[118],"cases).":[119],"2":[121,164],"replicated":[122],"this":[123],"dimensional":[124],"an":[127,197],"independent":[128],"sample":[129],"demonstrated":[131],"experimentally":[133],"manipulated":[134],"features\u2014emotional":[136],"involvement":[137],"prototypicality\u2014systematically":[139],"modulated":[140],"judgments,":[142],"effects":[144,180],"varying":[145],"by":[146,183],"dispositional":[147],"trust,":[148],"AI-specific":[149,153],"attitudes,":[150],"gender.":[152],"expectations":[154],"emerged":[155],"as":[156],"the":[157,190],"strongest":[158],"predictor":[159],"\u03b7":[163],"0.252),":[166],"three-way":[169],"interaction":[170],"among":[171],"emotional":[172],"involvement,":[173],"gender,":[174],"prototypicality":[176],"indicated":[177],"are":[181],"moderated":[182],"characteristics.":[185],"These":[186],"findings":[187],"suggest":[188],"content":[195],"constitute":[196],"overlooked":[198],"dimension":[199],"research,":[203],"extending":[204],"beyond":[205],"technology":[206],"models":[208],"to":[209,226],"fundamental":[210],"questions":[211],"about":[212],"how":[213],"individuals":[214],"construe":[215],"social":[216],"problems":[217],"allocate":[219],"adjudicative":[220],"authority.":[221],"We":[222],"discuss":[223],"limitations":[224],"related":[225],"measurement":[227],"approaches,":[228],"alternative":[229],"mechanisms,":[231],"directions":[233],"future":[235],"research":[236],"employing":[237],"real-world":[238],"case":[239],"materials":[240],"direct":[242],"assessment":[243],"cognitive":[245],"processes.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}