{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133214238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","title":"Synthetic relationships with Social Pedagogical Agents in education: a scoping literature review","display_name":"Synthetic relationships with Social Pedagogical Agents in education: a scoping literature review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133214238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127841301","display_name":"Sebas Nouwen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["CH","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebas Nouwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology","Human Technology Interaction (HTI) Research Group, Fontys University of Applied Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Technology Interaction (HTI) Research Group, Fontys University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108610035","display_name":"Janienke Sturm","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janienke Sturm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Technology Interaction (HTI) Research Group, Fontys University of Applied Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Technology Interaction (HTI) Research Group, Fontys University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046369365","display_name":"Uwe Matzat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Matzat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006886273","display_name":"Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6856-9269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wijnand IJsselsteijn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences (IEIS), Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127841301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66816556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1625438","last_page":"1625438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9078999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9078999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.018699999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-relationship","display_name":"Social relationship","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-relation","display_name":"Social relation","score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-relationship","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.32420000433921814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987946170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relationship","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.3481999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132074034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154210","display_name":"Congruence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86772948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413287","display_name":"Social skills","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41847080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4177d258b7b3457d8d01caa737466a30","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4177d258b7b3457d8d01caa737466a30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 9 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12989599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12989599/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2026.1625438/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6716835498809814}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321799","display_name":"Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap","ror":"https://ror.org/02x3w5g21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133214238.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133214238.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655458487","https://openalex.org/W1964461627","https://openalex.org/W1968889797","https://openalex.org/W1986362657","https://openalex.org/W2035056751","https://openalex.org/W2050642231","https://openalex.org/W2085144812","https://openalex.org/W2086257742","https://openalex.org/W2101606999","https://openalex.org/W2154179690","https://openalex.org/W2334541153","https://openalex.org/W2584342347","https://openalex.org/W2625910807","https://openalex.org/W2751983037","https://openalex.org/W2975754089","https://openalex.org/W2981863007","https://openalex.org/W2986334266","https://openalex.org/W2994813836","https://openalex.org/W3005747841","https://openalex.org/W3045456950","https://openalex.org/W3084021717","https://openalex.org/W3123893780","https://openalex.org/W3196381441","https://openalex.org/W3198444127","https://openalex.org/W4200001805","https://openalex.org/W4200442117","https://openalex.org/W4205956657","https://openalex.org/W4206046353","https://openalex.org/W4213022538","https://openalex.org/W4316368916","https://openalex.org/W4378717183","https://openalex.org/W4379347184","https://openalex.org/W4388136902","https://openalex.org/W4390082902","https://openalex.org/W4391006361","https://openalex.org/W4391747816","https://openalex.org/W4391759979","https://openalex.org/W4392374053","https://openalex.org/W4396917602","https://openalex.org/W4401818273","https://openalex.org/W4401961935","https://openalex.org/W4402150812","https://openalex.org/W4402402067","https://openalex.org/W4404393868","https://openalex.org/W4404681926","https://openalex.org/W4407323223","https://openalex.org/W4408084770","https://openalex.org/W4408167892","https://openalex.org/W4409786047","https://openalex.org/W4410817434","https://openalex.org/W4410827098","https://openalex.org/W4411855388","https://openalex.org/W4412105795","https://openalex.org/W4413183905"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"relationships":[1],"with":[2,52,90],"SPAs":[3,93],"function":[4],"as":[5],"enabling":[6],"conditions":[7],"that":[8],"enhance":[9],"the":[10,23,32,53],"learning":[11],"climate-motivation,":[12],"effort,":[13],"and":[14,43,45,70,76,85,100],"honesty-rather":[15],"than":[16],"directly":[17],"improving":[18],"test":[19],"scores.":[20],"We":[21],"group":[22],"eight":[24],"design":[25],"levers":[26],"into":[27],"four":[28,54],"categories:":[29],"expressive":[30],"(how":[31,36,47],"agent":[33],"signals),":[34],"relational":[35,55,74],"it":[37,41],"connects),":[38],"transparency":[39],"(what":[40],"communicates":[42],"why),":[44],"structural":[46],"interaction":[48],"unfolds).":[49],"These,":[50],"paired":[51],"indicators,":[56],"form":[57],"a":[58],"practical":[59],"framework":[60],"for":[61],"optimizing":[62],"student-SPA":[63],"relationships.":[64],"Future":[65],"work":[66],"should":[67],"prioritize":[68],"multi-session":[69],"longitudinal":[71],"designs,":[72],"standardize":[73],"measures,":[75],"address":[77],"ethical":[78],"concerns":[79],"around":[80],"purpose,":[81],"transparency,":[82],"influence":[83],"limits,":[84],"shared":[86],"oversight.":[87],"When":[88],"coupled":[89],"sound":[91],"pedagogy,":[92],"show":[94],"strong":[95],"potential":[96],"to":[97],"augment":[98],"teaching":[99],"enrich":[101],"learning.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T08:09:32.410652","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}
