{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123613820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","title":"Structuring privacy policy: an AI approach","display_name":"Structuring privacy policy: an AI approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123613820","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41613817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061279149","display_name":"Shani Alkoby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-5832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shani Alkoby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042625456","display_name":"Ron S. Hirschprung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52170813","display_name":"Ariel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03nz8qe97","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron S. Hirschprung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061279149"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52170813"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05341819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1720547","last_page":"1720547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9239000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9239000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-aspects-of-computing","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-policy","display_name":"Public policy","score":0.2883000075817108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5910999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201770970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143093","display_name":"Socio-cognitive","level":3,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41613817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41613817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c6d54ac4f1d94f3890487502deeaf013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c6d54ac4f1d94f3890487502deeaf013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11656781","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12847394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12847394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12847394/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1720547/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6717250347137451,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329496","display_name":"Israel National Cyber Directorate","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123613820.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7123613820.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1750831793","https://openalex.org/W1968111729","https://openalex.org/W1972999341","https://openalex.org/W2004851692","https://openalex.org/W2040716537","https://openalex.org/W2047681257","https://openalex.org/W2048089596","https://openalex.org/W2049584192","https://openalex.org/W2092805919","https://openalex.org/W2103252783","https://openalex.org/W2103448282","https://openalex.org/W2125475233","https://openalex.org/W2132024542","https://openalex.org/W2143491972","https://openalex.org/W2171263140","https://openalex.org/W2416995857","https://openalex.org/W2481293273","https://openalex.org/W2517394750","https://openalex.org/W2558243638","https://openalex.org/W2624953977","https://openalex.org/W2626842117","https://openalex.org/W2762618237","https://openalex.org/W2767509937","https://openalex.org/W2782278703","https://openalex.org/W2794864670","https://openalex.org/W2896970462","https://openalex.org/W2899188089","https://openalex.org/W2903400086","https://openalex.org/W2911560572","https://openalex.org/W2921902116","https://openalex.org/W2946102439","https://openalex.org/W2947730823","https://openalex.org/W2979760061","https://openalex.org/W2989137146","https://openalex.org/W3013836207","https://openalex.org/W3029154085","https://openalex.org/W3034931939","https://openalex.org/W3048915132","https://openalex.org/W3080917700","https://openalex.org/W3083906693","https://openalex.org/W3134165704","https://openalex.org/W3138874907","https://openalex.org/W3175536033","https://openalex.org/W3177181460","https://openalex.org/W3185399449","https://openalex.org/W3197225896","https://openalex.org/W3214073331","https://openalex.org/W4210624045","https://openalex.org/W4223947403","https://openalex.org/W4229452781","https://openalex.org/W4321087931","https://openalex.org/W4362452929","https://openalex.org/W4382562260","https://openalex.org/W4385412479","https://openalex.org/W4392011885","https://openalex.org/W4399977682","https://openalex.org/W4400849876","https://openalex.org/W4401726605","https://openalex.org/W4404459916","https://openalex.org/W4405283182","https://openalex.org/W4406379614","https://openalex.org/W4410197190"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Privacy":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,54,71,79,102,124,157,190,201,206],"significant":[5,32],"concern":[6],"in":[7,61,78],"the":[8,13,24,31,36,42,66,184,187,194,197,210,218,225],"digital":[9],"world,":[10],"especially":[11],"concerning":[12],"personal":[14],"data":[15],"collected":[16],"by":[17,59,96,172],"websites":[18],"and":[19,82,92,112,169,183,217],"other":[20],"service":[21],"providers":[22],"on":[23,50,123],"World":[25],"Wide":[26],"Web":[27],"network.":[28],"One":[29],"of":[30,153,186,196,220],"approaches":[33],"to":[34,38,90,105,222],"enable":[35],"individual":[37],"control":[39],"privacy":[40,43,55,67,109,139,198,228],"is":[41,57,70,121],"policy":[44,56,68,110,199],"document,":[45],"which":[46,192],"contains":[47],"vital":[48],"information":[49],"this":[51],"matter.":[52],"Publishing":[53],"required":[58],"regulation":[60],"most":[62],"Western":[63],"countries.":[64],"However,":[65],"document":[69,188],"natural":[72],"free":[73],"text-based":[74],"object,":[75],"usually":[76],"phrased":[77],"legal":[80],"language,":[81],"rapidly":[83],"changes,":[84],"making":[85],"it":[86,115],"consequently":[87],"relatively":[88],"hard":[89],"understand":[91],"almost":[93],"always":[94],"neglected":[95],"humans.":[97],"Methods:":[98],"This":[99,163],"research":[100],"proposes":[101],"novel":[103],"methodology":[104,120,164],"receive":[106],"an":[107,132,146],"unstructured":[108],"text":[111],"automatically":[113],"structure":[114],"into":[116],"predefined":[117],"parameters.":[118],"The":[119,203],"based":[122],"two-layer":[125],"artificial":[126],"intelligence":[127],"(AI)":[128],"process.":[129],"Results:":[130],"In":[131],"empirical":[133],"study":[134,204],"that":[135],"included":[136],"49":[137],"actual":[138],"policies":[140],"from":[141,224],"different":[142],"websites,":[143],"we":[144],"demonstrated":[145],"average":[147],"F1-score":[148],">":[149],"0.8":[150],"where":[151],"five":[152],"six":[154],"parameters":[155],"achieved":[156],"very":[158],"high":[159],"classification":[160],"accuracy.":[161],"Discussion:":[162],"can":[165],"serve":[166],"both":[167],"humans":[168,221],"AI":[170],"agents":[171],"addressing":[173],"issues":[174],"such":[175],"as":[176,200],"cognitive":[177,181],"burden,":[178],"non-standard":[179],"formalizations,":[180],"laziness,":[182],"dynamics":[185],"across":[189],"timeline,":[191],"deters":[193],"use":[195],"resource.":[202],"addresses":[205],"critical":[207],"gap":[208],"between":[209],"present":[211],"regulations,":[212],"aiming":[213],"at":[214],"enhancing":[215],"privacy,":[216],"abilities":[219],"benefit":[223],"mandatory":[226],"published":[227],"policy.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
