{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7122714120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","title":"Comparing AI and human moral reasoning: context-sensitive patterns beyond utilitarian bias","display_name":"Comparing AI and human moral reasoning: context-sensitive patterns beyond utilitarian bias","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7122714120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41602316"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036979277","display_name":"Elyas Barabadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-3046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800768525","display_name":"University of Bojnord","ror":"https://ror.org/05khxfe53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800768525"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elyas Barabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foreign Languages, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foreign Languages, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800768525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015456032","display_name":"Zahra Fotuhabadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800768525","display_name":"University of Bojnord","ror":"https://ror.org/05khxfe53","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800768525"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Fotuhabadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foreign Languages, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foreign Languages, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800768525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072921807","display_name":"Amanollah Arghavan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amanollah Arghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082386973","display_name":"James R. Booth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3101-5611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R Booth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072921807"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05984497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1710410","last_page":"1710410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.36559998989105225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.36559998989105225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.25279998779296875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.12939999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-disengagement","display_name":"Moral disengagement","score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognitive-theory-of-morality","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivated-reasoning","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-psychology","display_name":"Moral psychology","score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morality","display_name":"Morality","score":0.2727000117301941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5401999950408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57996006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909105","display_name":"Moral disengagement","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26918590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550991","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917865","display_name":"Motivated reasoning","level":3,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19314808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4355306","display_name":"Moral psychology","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41602316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41602316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2101a1ac00ad4a93a17f901e86030431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2101a1ac00ad4a93a17f901e86030431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12832734","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12832734/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1710410/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7504613995552063,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122714120.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122714120.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1681378674","https://openalex.org/W1974538016","https://openalex.org/W2002962464","https://openalex.org/W2014297083","https://openalex.org/W2033774869","https://openalex.org/W2046411892","https://openalex.org/W2095953405","https://openalex.org/W2097541526","https://openalex.org/W2101467160","https://openalex.org/W2125927301","https://openalex.org/W2141233322","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2149606823","https://openalex.org/W2155479778","https://openalex.org/W2167366201","https://openalex.org/W2171144861","https://openalex.org/W2318811435","https://openalex.org/W2466381818","https://openalex.org/W2529369381","https://openalex.org/W2749250806","https://openalex.org/W2773687970","https://openalex.org/W2783241338","https://openalex.org/W2787340670","https://openalex.org/W2792183666","https://openalex.org/W2886363025","https://openalex.org/W2909533911","https://openalex.org/W2921568661","https://openalex.org/W2934302500","https://openalex.org/W2938770898","https://openalex.org/W2942858056","https://openalex.org/W2989822567","https://openalex.org/W3032742557","https://openalex.org/W3132064356","https://openalex.org/W3183278512","https://openalex.org/W3184344066","https://openalex.org/W3193262748","https://openalex.org/W4206261114","https://openalex.org/W4206278706","https://openalex.org/W4211089551","https://openalex.org/W4213319945","https://openalex.org/W4220699706","https://openalex.org/W4226230277","https://openalex.org/W4291582044","https://openalex.org/W4313678819","https://openalex.org/W4321242383","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4362673335","https://openalex.org/W4367681098","https://openalex.org/W4380324490","https://openalex.org/W4382598274","https://openalex.org/W4385878021","https://openalex.org/W4386441678","https://openalex.org/W4386697415","https://openalex.org/W4391872826","https://openalex.org/W4396608701","https://openalex.org/W4400417542","https://openalex.org/W4400608979","https://openalex.org/W4403363888","https://openalex.org/W4403578557","https://openalex.org/W4405319046","https://openalex.org/W4409318849","https://openalex.org/W4411472395","https://openalex.org/W4413420574","https://openalex.org/W4414211085"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Decision-making":[1],"supported":[2],"by":[3,30,79],"intelligent":[4],"systems":[5,167],"is":[6,18],"being":[7],"increasingly":[8],"deployed":[9],"in":[10,105,159,168],"ethically":[11],"sensitive":[12,170],"domains.":[13,171],"As":[14],"a":[15,156],"result,":[16],"it":[17],"of":[19,26,96,102,117,125,165],"considerable":[20],"importance":[21],"to":[22,54,60,73,92,100,110],"understand":[23],"the":[24,39,76,114,119,142],"patterns":[25,95,148],"moral":[27,56,126,151],"judgments":[28],"generated":[29,78],"large":[31],"language":[32,64,67],"models":[33,99,133],"(LLMs).":[34],"Methods:":[35],"To":[36],"this":[37],"end,":[38],"current":[40],"research":[41],"systematically":[42],"investigates":[43],"how":[44],"two":[45,98],"prominent":[46],"LLMs":[47,80],"(i.e.,":[48],"ChatGPT":[49],"and":[50,65,137,153,163],"Claude":[51],"Sonnet)":[52],"respond":[53],"12":[55],"scenarios":[57],"previously":[58],"administered":[59],"human":[61,103],"participants":[62],"(first":[63],"second":[66],"users).":[68],"The":[69],"primary":[70],"purpose":[71],"was":[72,91],"examine":[74],"whether":[75],"responses":[77],"align":[81],"with":[82],"either":[83],"deontological":[84,136],"or":[85],"utilitarian":[86,115,138],"orientations.":[87],"Our":[88],"secondary":[89],"aim":[90],"compare":[93],"response":[94,123],"these":[97],"those":[101],"respondents":[104],"previous":[106],"studies.":[107],"Results:":[108],"Contrary":[109],"prevailing":[111],"assumptions":[112],"regarding":[113],"tendency":[116],"LLMs,":[118],"findings":[120],"revealed":[121],"subtle":[122],"distributions":[124],"choice":[127],"that":[128],"are":[129],"context-sensitive.":[130],"Specifically,":[131],"both":[132],"alternated":[134],"between":[135],"judgments,":[139],"depending":[140],"on":[141],"scenario-specific":[143],"features.":[144],"Discussion:":[145],"These":[146],"output":[147],"reflect":[149],"complex":[150],"trade-offs":[152],"may":[154],"play":[155],"significant":[157],"role":[158],"shaping":[160],"societal":[161],"trust":[162],"acceptance":[164],"AI":[166],"morally":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00"}
