{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119500636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","title":"Tackling fraud detection with an enhanced Kepler optimization and ghost opposition-based learning","display_name":"Tackling fraud detection with an enhanced Kepler optimization and ghost opposition-based learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119500636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41584220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003883742","display_name":"Ria H. Egami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ria H. Egami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanity, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanity, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033799852","display_name":"Amr A. Abd El-Mageed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145380033","display_name":"Amman Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/039xekb14","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145380033"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97455420","display_name":"Sohag University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wgx3e98","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97455420"]}],"countries":["EG","JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr A. Abd El-Mageed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Information Technology, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan","Department of Information Systems, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Information Technology, Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145380033"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97455420"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122302678","display_name":"Mona Gafar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona Gafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Information College of Engineering - Wadi Addawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Information College of Engineering - Wadi Addawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059775848","display_name":"Amr A. Abohany","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169744251","display_name":"Damanhour University","ror":"https://ror.org/03svthf85","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169744251"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr A. Abohany","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Information, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Information, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169744251"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003883742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10327009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1710387","last_page":"1710387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wilcoxon-signed-rank-test","display_name":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.3287000060081482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6743999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.600600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206041023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751970","display_name":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","level":3,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987098735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"Recall rate","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41584220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41584220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4242d4d23f944598fd64b734c780e52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4242d4d23f944598fd64b734c780e52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12827784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12827784/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1710387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7883732914924622,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49700977","https://openalex.org/W2023386562","https://openalex.org/W2072240081","https://openalex.org/W2096166399","https://openalex.org/W2760225670","https://openalex.org/W2887544206","https://openalex.org/W2972554066","https://openalex.org/W3017025585","https://openalex.org/W3027898192","https://openalex.org/W3122007073","https://openalex.org/W3193632936","https://openalex.org/W4283018934","https://openalex.org/W4290996659","https://openalex.org/W4305082708","https://openalex.org/W4311527951","https://openalex.org/W4316020340","https://openalex.org/W4317233797","https://openalex.org/W4323349537","https://openalex.org/W4323922821","https://openalex.org/W4368228277","https://openalex.org/W4377101723","https://openalex.org/W4387546326","https://openalex.org/W4387647702","https://openalex.org/W4390722230","https://openalex.org/W4391734045","https://openalex.org/W4392552928","https://openalex.org/W4393619223","https://openalex.org/W4393899326","https://openalex.org/W4394006457","https://openalex.org/W4396774280","https://openalex.org/W4396951369","https://openalex.org/W4399727930","https://openalex.org/W4399871206","https://openalex.org/W4399939476","https://openalex.org/W4400808276","https://openalex.org/W4402319398","https://openalex.org/W4406610597","https://openalex.org/W4408323856","https://openalex.org/W4409479310","https://openalex.org/W4410344504","https://openalex.org/W7133555525"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Experimental":[0],"validation":[1],"is":[2,132],"conducted":[3],"on":[4],"five":[5],"real-world":[6,153],"benchmarks,":[7,64],"including":[8],"the":[9,75,101,104,135],"Australian,":[10],"European,":[11],"CIC-MalMem-2022,":[12],"Synthetic":[13],"Financial":[14],"Transaction":[15],"Log,":[16],"and":[17,28,46,57,67,96,114,126,143,148,152,155],"Real":[18,76],"vs":[19,77],"Fake":[20,78],"Job":[21,79],"Postings":[22,80],"datasets,":[23],"using":[24,82],"k-Nearest":[25],"Neighbors":[26],"(<i>K</i>-NN)":[27],"XGBoost":[29],"(Xgb-tree)":[30],"classifiers.":[31],"The":[32],"BKOA-GOBL":[33],"achieves":[34],"outstanding":[35],"performance,":[36],"reaching":[37],"classification":[38],"accuracies":[39],"up":[40,51],"to":[41,52],"99.96%":[42],"in":[43,122,145],"some":[44,71],"benchmarks":[45],"corresponding":[47],"feature":[48],"reduction":[49],"rates":[50],"81.82%.":[53],"Precision,":[54],"recall,":[55],"ROC_AUC,":[56],"F1-scores":[58],"were":[59],"consistently":[60],"high":[61],"across":[62],"most":[63],"demonstrating":[65],"reliable":[66],"balanced":[68],"detection.":[69],"However,":[70],"challenging":[72],"benchmarks-such":[73],"as":[74],"dataset":[81],"<i>k</i>-NN":[83],"classifier-returned":[84],"lower":[85],"scores":[86],"(Precision":[87],"=":[88,91,94,98],"76.14%,":[89],"Recall":[90],"66.55%,":[92],"F1-score":[93],"71.00%,":[95],"ROC_AUC":[97],"74.15%),":[99],"reflecting":[100],"difficulty":[102],"of":[103,124],"problem.":[105],"Comparative":[106],"analyses":[107],"against":[108],"12":[109],"recent":[110],"Metaheuristic":[111],"Algorithms":[112],"(MHAs)":[113],"Machine":[115],"Learning":[116],"(ML)":[117],"classifiers":[118],"confirmed":[119,133],"BKOA-GOBL's":[120],"dominance":[121],"terms":[123],"accuracy":[125],"computational":[127],"efficiency.":[128],"Its":[129],"statistical":[130],"superiority":[131],"by":[134],"Wilcoxon":[136],"rank-sum":[137],"test,":[138],"underscoring":[139],"its":[140],"robustness,":[141],"adaptability,":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"high-dimensional":[146],"fraud":[147,154],"malware":[149,156],"detection":[150,157],"tasks":[151],"scenarios.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2026-01-09T00:00:00"}