{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415001548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","title":"Medicine for artificial intelligence: applying a medical framework to AI anomalies","display_name":"Medicine for artificial intelligence: applying a medical framework to AI anomalies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415001548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41141908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100555803","display_name":"Takahiro Kato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153327471","display_name":"Bunkyo University","ror":"https://ror.org/053h75930","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153327471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153327471","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056846884","display_name":"Daisuke Komura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-728X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153327471","display_name":"Bunkyo University","ror":"https://ror.org/053h75930","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153327471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Komura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153327471","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085085872","display_name":"Binay Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152429107","display_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University","ror":"https://ror.org/0567v8t28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152429107"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binay Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152429107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049613195","display_name":"Shumpei Ishikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4392-090X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153327471","display_name":"Bunkyo University","ror":"https://ror.org/053h75930","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153327471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shumpei Ishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153327471","https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049613195","https://openalex.org/A5100555803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153327471","https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":1.1824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82280008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1698717","last_page":"1698717"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.8600000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.8600000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nosology","display_name":"Nosology","score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.30230000615119934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4244000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72852651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845300","display_name":"Nosology","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41141908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41141908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:89d39c91d924426b90c70042644b421d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/89d39c91d924426b90c70042644b421d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11354114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12546293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1698717/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415001548.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415001548.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582350176","https://openalex.org/W1584784630","https://openalex.org/W2000594564","https://openalex.org/W2274405424","https://openalex.org/W2411740147","https://openalex.org/W3197940319","https://openalex.org/W4317748910","https://openalex.org/W4394780990","https://openalex.org/W4400375635","https://openalex.org/W4402698709","https://openalex.org/W4404344563","https://openalex.org/W4411132940"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"Medicine":[2],"for":[3,150],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(MAI),":[6],"a":[7,59,72,77,147],"clinical":[8,60,134],"framework":[9],"that":[10],"reconceptualizes":[11],"AI":[12,48,69,137,156],"anomalies":[13],"as":[14],"diseases":[15],"requiring":[16],"systematic":[17],"screening,":[18],"differential":[19],"diagnosis,":[20,54],"treatment,":[21,55],"and":[22,33,40,56,102,105,111,120,139,143,154],"follow-up.":[23],"Contemporary":[24],"discourse":[25],"on":[26],"failures":[27],"(e.g.,":[28,93],"\u201challucination\u201d)":[29],"is":[30],"ad":[31],"hoc":[32],"fragmented":[34],"across":[35,83],"domains,":[36],"impeding":[37],"cumulative":[38],"knowledge":[39],"reproducible":[41,148],"management.":[42],"MAI":[43,115,145],"adapts":[44],"medical":[45],"nosology":[46],"to":[47,99,122],"by":[49],"formalizing":[50],"core":[51],"constructs\u2014disease,":[52],"symptom,":[53],"classification\u2014and":[57],"mapping":[58],"workflow":[61],"(examination":[62],"\u2192":[63,65],"diagnosis":[64],"intervention)":[66],"onto":[67],"the":[68],"lifecycle.":[70],"As":[71],"proof-of-concept,":[73],"we":[74],"developed":[75],"DSA-1,":[76],"prototype":[78],"taxonomy":[79],"of":[80],"45":[81],"disorders":[82],"nine":[84],"functional":[85],"chapters.":[86],"This":[87],"approach":[88],"clarifies":[89],"ambiguous":[90],"failure":[91],"modes":[92],"distinguishing":[94],"hallucination":[95],"subtypes),":[96],"links":[97],"diagnoses":[98],"actionable":[100],"interventions":[101],"evaluation":[103],"metrics,":[104],"supports":[106],"lifecycle":[107],"practices,":[108],"including":[109],"triage":[110],"\u201cAI":[112],"health":[113],"checks.\u201d":[114],"further":[116],"maps":[117],"epidemiology,":[118],"severity,":[119],"detectability":[121],"risk-assessment":[123],"constructs,":[124],"complementing":[125],"top-down":[126],"governance":[127],"with":[128,136],"bottom-up":[129],"technical":[130],"resolution.":[131],"By":[132],"aligning":[133],"methodology":[135],"engineering":[138],"coordinating":[140],"researchers,":[141],"clinicians,":[142],"regulators,":[144],"offers":[146],"foundation":[149],"safer,":[151],"more":[152],"resilient,":[153],"auditable":[155],"systems.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}