{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414086421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","title":"AI: the Apollo guidance computer of the Exposome moonshot","display_name":"AI: the Apollo guidance computer of the Exposome moonshot","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414086421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41000410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041153123","display_name":"Fenna C.M. Sill\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-2049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenna C. M. Sill\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113254874","display_name":"Thomas Hartung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","display_name":"University of Konstanz","ror":"https://ror.org/0546hnb39","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hartung","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAAT-Europe, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","Doerenkamp-Zbinden-Chair for Evidence-Based Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAAT-Europe, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Doerenkamp-Zbinden-Chair for Evidence-Based Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113254874"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":2.7272,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90034174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1632520","last_page":"1632520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14393","display_name":"Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14393","display_name":"Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10836","display_name":"Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposome","display_name":"Exposome","score":0.9175999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apollo","display_name":"Apollo","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-health","display_name":"Human health","score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.3075999915599823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119709500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142347","display_name":"Exposome","level":2,"score":0.9175999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779821442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41633","display_name":"Apollo","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.40689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988867146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Human disease","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23808793","display_name":"Radiomics","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13926793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3507155","display_name":"Group method of data handling","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020792226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331083","display_name":"Human use","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164614171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5204775","display_name":"DECIPHER","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41000410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41000410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45607b57227c47e59773f18757ac44ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45607b57227c47e59773f18757ac44ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11266099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12457282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kops.uni-konstanz.de:123456789/74682","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-1j7z4m00umcrj2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196311","display_name":"KOPS (University of Konstanz)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","host_organization_name":"University of Konstanz","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12457282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12457282/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1632520/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5496779531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30 ES032756","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6767012916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24ES036819","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321481","display_name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/02tvrwm90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338247","display_name":"Moonshot Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414086421.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414086421.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1251710288","https://openalex.org/W2138649409","https://openalex.org/W2800495173","https://openalex.org/W2822962393","https://openalex.org/W2938384627","https://openalex.org/W3023383404","https://openalex.org/W3201286031","https://openalex.org/W4316928665","https://openalex.org/W4387704161","https://openalex.org/W4388188339","https://openalex.org/W4391044499","https://openalex.org/W4396514423","https://openalex.org/W4400677240","https://openalex.org/W4401498952","https://openalex.org/W4406494168","https://openalex.org/W4406525200","https://openalex.org/W4408114789","https://openalex.org/W4409335110","https://openalex.org/W4409456707","https://openalex.org/W4409535051","https://openalex.org/W4411282918","https://openalex.org/W4412020208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4389328390","https://openalex.org/W2054178368","https://openalex.org/W3214886802","https://openalex.org/W4388785594","https://openalex.org/W4394758703","https://openalex.org/W2488060668","https://openalex.org/W2610312719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Exposome-the":[1],"totality":[2],"of":[3,10,64,67,125,134],"environmental":[4],"exposures":[5],"across":[6],"a":[7,41,156],"lifetime-remains":[8],"one":[9],"the":[11,62,77,85,89,95,122,131],"most":[12],"significant":[13],"challenges":[14],"in":[15,44,80],"understanding":[16],"and":[17,49,70,92,117,140,163],"preventing":[18],"human":[19,161],"disease.":[20],"Translating":[21],"its":[22],"vast,":[23],"heterogeneous":[24],"data":[25,55,138],"streams":[26],"into":[27],"actionable":[28],"knowledge":[29],"requires":[30],"artificial":[31],"intelligence":[32,127],"(AI)":[33],"integrated":[34],"with":[35,82,149],"human-relevant":[36],"experimental":[37,150],"systems.":[38],"We":[39],"propose":[40],"unifying":[42],"vision":[43],"which":[45],"Microphysiological":[46],"Systems":[47],"(MPS)":[48],"multi-omics":[50,87],"platforms":[51],"generate":[52],"high-quality,":[53],"context-specific":[54],"that":[56,101],"iteratively":[57],"calibrate":[58],"AI":[59,93,148],"models,":[60,135],"enabling":[61],"creation":[63],"digital":[65],"twins":[66],"organs,":[68],"individuals,":[69],"ultimately":[71],"populations.":[72],"This":[73],"\"Exposome":[74],"Moonshot\"":[75],"parallels":[76],"Apollo":[78],"program":[79],"ambition,":[81],"MPS":[83],"as":[84,88,94],"rocket,":[86],"lunar":[90],"module,":[91],"guidance":[96],"computer.":[97],"Early":[98],"applications":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"deep":[102],"learning":[103],"can":[104,153],"already":[105],"outperform":[106],"canonical":[107],"animal":[108],"tests":[109],"for":[110,160],"several":[111],"toxicological":[112],"endpoints,":[113],"while":[114],"reducing":[115],"cost":[116],"time":[118],"to":[119],"decision.":[120],"Realizing":[121],"full":[123],"potential":[124],"Exposome":[126],"will":[128],"require":[129],"expanding":[130],"applicability":[132],"domain":[133],"implementing":[136],"robust":[137],"security,":[139],"prioritizing":[141],"transparent,":[142],"interpretable":[143],"algorithms.":[144],"By":[145],"linking":[146],"predictive":[147],"feedback,":[151],"we":[152],"move":[154],"toward":[155],"prevention-driven,":[157],"personalized":[158],"paradigm":[159],"health":[162],"regulatory":[164],"science.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}