{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414145798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","title":"Evaluation of vision transformers for the detection of fullness of garbage bins for efficient waste management","display_name":"Evaluation of vision transformers for the detection of fullness of garbage bins for efficient waste management","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414145798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119600421","display_name":"Parakram Singh Tanwer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181514455","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9eqy10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parakram Singh Tanwer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019915540","display_name":"Shishir Maheshwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-4569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152869788","display_name":"Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp7tp96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shishir Maheshwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085494048","display_name":"Sushree S. Behera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181514455","display_name":"International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9eqy10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushree Behera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181514455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032631007","display_name":"Amit Chauhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6508-2156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Chauhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109852774","display_name":"T. Sunil Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141702","display_name":"University of G\u00e4vle","ror":"https://ror.org/043fje207","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141702"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Sunil Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, University of G\u00e4vle, G\u00e4vle, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Science, University of G\u00e4vle, G\u00e4vle, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141702"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019915540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152869788"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.5458,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67469522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1612080","last_page":"1612080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9664000272750854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage","display_name":"Garbage","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage-collection","display_name":"Garbage collection","score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.3483999967575073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75403996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5521979","display_name":"Garbage","level":2,"score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6552000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105122174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322202","display_name":"Garbage collection","level":3,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156731835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751740","display_name":"Memory leak","level":4,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992309414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18538","display_name":"Household waste","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40995030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40995030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:hig-48590","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-48590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bcfc8bb2241c464fbce2ac1bf6861068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bcfc8bb2241c464fbce2ac1bf6861068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11264560","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12456028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12456028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12456028/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1612080/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414145798.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597009674","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2020238501","https://openalex.org/W2112594540","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2280985394","https://openalex.org/W2466925314","https://openalex.org/W2953027818","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3017369949","https://openalex.org/W3028515142","https://openalex.org/W3040297887","https://openalex.org/W3084357044","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3100898002","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W4200274790","https://openalex.org/W4233989763","https://openalex.org/W4242472075","https://openalex.org/W4283029931","https://openalex.org/W4287203292","https://openalex.org/W4293370522","https://openalex.org/W4312349930","https://openalex.org/W4315652412","https://openalex.org/W4322588869","https://openalex.org/W4386723776","https://openalex.org/W4390041933","https://openalex.org/W4391227427","https://openalex.org/W4391843683","https://openalex.org/W4394011243","https://openalex.org/W4406299758","https://openalex.org/W4409884438","https://openalex.org/W4410188946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2612848883","https://openalex.org/W3088744871","https://openalex.org/W4382053766","https://openalex.org/W3035541749","https://openalex.org/W2351860712","https://openalex.org/W4366783061","https://openalex.org/W2354724362","https://openalex.org/W4362509302","https://openalex.org/W4322770937","https://openalex.org/W4226365197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"waste":[1,19],"management":[2],"is":[3,144],"crucial":[4],"for":[5],"urban":[6],"environments":[7],"to":[8,31,45,75,181],"maintain":[9],"cleanliness,":[10],"reduce":[11],"environmental":[12],"impact,":[13],"and":[14,35,71],"optimize":[15],"resource":[16,33],"allocation.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"collection":[20],"systems":[21],"often":[22],"rely":[23],"on":[24,89,152,173],"scheduled":[25],"pickups":[26],"or":[27,84],"manual":[28],"inspections,":[29],"leading":[30],"inefficient":[32],"utilization":[34],"potential":[36],"overflow":[37],"issues.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"a":[42,110,128,153,167],"novel":[43],"approach":[44,119,143,165],"automate":[46],"the":[47,90,117,121,125,138,141,148],"detection":[48],"of":[49,79,140,171],"garbage":[50,80,106,133],"container":[51,134],"fullness":[52,107],"from":[53],"images":[54,78],"using":[55,120,158],"machine":[56],"learning":[57],"techniques.":[58],"More":[59],"specifically,":[60],"we":[61],"explore":[62],"three":[63],"transformer-based":[64,101,149],"architectures,":[65],"namely,":[66],"vision":[67,73,122],"transformer,":[68,70],"Swin":[69],"pyramid":[72],"transformer":[74,123],"classify":[76],"input":[77],"bins":[81],"as":[82],"clean":[83],"dirty.":[85],"Our":[86],"experimental":[87],"results":[88],"publicly":[91],"available":[92],"Clean":[93],"dirty":[94],"containers":[95],"in":[96,105,131,189],"Montevideo":[97],"dataset":[98,156,187],"suggest":[99],"that":[100,116],"architectures":[102],"are":[103],"effective":[104],"detection.":[108],"Moreover,":[109],"comparison":[111],"with":[112],"existing":[113],"methods":[114],"reveals":[115],"proposed":[118,142,164],"surpasses":[124],"state-of-the-art,":[126],"achieving":[127],"96.74%":[129],"accuracy":[130,170],"detecting":[132],"fullness.":[135],"In":[136],"addition,":[137],"generalizability":[139],"evaluated":[145],"by":[146],"testing":[147],"classification":[150],"frameworks":[151],"synthetic":[154,175],"image":[155],"generated":[157],"various":[159],"generative":[160],"AI":[161],"models.":[162],"The":[163],"achieved":[166],"highest":[168],"test":[169],"80%":[172],"this":[174,190],"dataset,":[176],"thereby":[177],"highlighting":[178],"its":[179],"ability":[180],"generalize":[182],"across":[183],"different":[184],"datasets.":[185],"Synthetic":[186],"used":[188],"work":[191],"can":[192],"be":[193],"found":[194],"at:":[195],"https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/6df0652d2c4eb3b9f00043c40fba0afa0778b46d7c0685e212807c2f6967fe6f.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
