{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410905314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","title":"Can artificial intelligence improve the diagnosis and prognosis of disorders of consciousness? A scoping review","display_name":"Can artificial intelligence improve the diagnosis and prognosis of disorders of consciousness? A scoping review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410905314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042248832","display_name":"Mirjam Bonanno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-9741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirjam Bonanno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031361815","display_name":"Davide Cardile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-0970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36443711","display_name":"Magna Graecia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0530bdk91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davide Cardile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, 'Magna Graecia' University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy","IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, 'Magna Graecia' University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075612913","display_name":"Piergiuseppe Liuzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6067-474X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116940","display_name":"Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3ssq97","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116940"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piergiuseppe Liuzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Firenze, Italy","Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Istituto di BioRobotica, Pontedera, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Firenze, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Istituto di BioRobotica, Pontedera, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057755004","display_name":"Antonio Celesti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-6194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Celesti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103043645","display_name":"Giuseppe Micali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8229-6229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Micali","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001050267","display_name":"Francesco Corallo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4862-3832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Corallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088210421","display_name":"Angelo Quartarone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-6590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Quartarone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120343273","display_name":"Francesco Tomaiuolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-6241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Tomaiuolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066306966","display_name":"Rocco Salvatore Calabr\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-3166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162269","display_name":"Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo","ror":"https://ror.org/05tzq2c96","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rocco Salvatore Calabr\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \"Bonino-Pulejo\", Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031361815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36443711","https://openalex.org/I4210162269"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":5.3624,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95832976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1608778","last_page":"1608778"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.8860999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.8860999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.6261078715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persistent-vegetative-state","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","score":0.5419259071350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4194445013999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3636826276779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3278769850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.300825834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimally-conscious-state","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","score":0.1685425341129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.12390998005867004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.6261078715324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139720","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","level":4,"score":0.5419259071350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4194445013999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3636826276779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3278769850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.300825834274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093388","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","level":3,"score":0.1685425341129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12390998005867004}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40520948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12162576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12162576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:221adef8def04399b17d159c105b1d91","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/221adef8def04399b17d159c105b1d91","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1608778/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410905314.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410905314.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986061993","https://openalex.org/W2094024590","https://openalex.org/W2519663458","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2569277879","https://openalex.org/W2594185139","https://openalex.org/W2610332124","https://openalex.org/W2782407824","https://openalex.org/W2804346623","https://openalex.org/W2895742152","https://openalex.org/W2898372640","https://openalex.org/W2914381912","https://openalex.org/W2948398841","https://openalex.org/W2980155335","https://openalex.org/W2982362945","https://openalex.org/W3013165801","https://openalex.org/W3110135365","https://openalex.org/W3113180287","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W4200076046","https://openalex.org/W4200185524","https://openalex.org/W4200553326","https://openalex.org/W4214551869","https://openalex.org/W4289878438","https://openalex.org/W4290466964","https://openalex.org/W4313224707","https://openalex.org/W4315928555","https://openalex.org/W4322720150","https://openalex.org/W4324385549","https://openalex.org/W4365443651","https://openalex.org/W4380369233","https://openalex.org/W4385235075","https://openalex.org/W4385421241","https://openalex.org/W4385556979","https://openalex.org/W4390446830","https://openalex.org/W4390770331","https://openalex.org/W4390927799","https://openalex.org/W4391925441","https://openalex.org/W4392907093","https://openalex.org/W4403251103","https://openalex.org/W4403688457","https://openalex.org/W4406978558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W1606687954","https://openalex.org/W2590591208","https://openalex.org/W4380271832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI),":[3],"in":[4,19,24,40,89,167,174],"the":[5,20,25,80,83,90,121,147,168,175],"form":[6],"of":[7,27,37,51,73,85,92,96,135,177,185],"machine":[8],"learning":[9,13],"(ML)":[10],"or":[11,65,68],"deep":[12],"(DL)":[14],"models,":[15],"can":[16],"aid":[17],"clinicians":[18],"diagnostic":[21],"process":[22],"and/or":[23],"prognosis":[26,95],"critically":[28],"medical":[29],"conditions,":[30],"as":[31],"for":[32,111],"patients":[33],"with":[34],"a":[35,49,133],"disorder":[36],"consciousness":[38],"(DoC),":[39],"which":[41],"both":[42],"aspects":[43],"are":[44,55],"particularly":[45],"challenging.":[46],"DoC":[47,163,178],"is":[48,77],"category":[50],"neurological":[52],"impairments":[53],"that":[54],"mainly":[56],"caused":[57],"by":[58,212],"severe":[59],"acquired":[60],"brain":[61],"injury,":[62],"like":[63,197],"ischemic":[64],"hemorrhagic":[66],"strokes":[67],"traumatic":[69],"injuries.":[70],"The":[71],"aim":[72],"this":[74],"scoping":[75,102],"review":[76,169],"to":[78,118],"map":[79],"literature":[81],"on":[82],"role":[84],"ML":[86],"and":[87,94,99,127,141,183,193,202],"DL":[88],"field":[91,176],"diagnosis":[93],"DoCs.":[97],"Materials":[98],"methods:":[100],"A":[101],"search,":[103],"started":[104],"from":[105,116],"3rd":[106],"October":[107],"2024,":[108,119],"was":[109],"conducted":[110],"all":[112],"peer-reviewed":[113],"articles":[114,145,152],"published":[115],"2000":[117],"using":[120],"following":[122],"databases:":[123],"PubMed,":[124],"Embase,":[125],"Scopus":[126],"Cochrane":[128],"Library.":[129],"Results:":[130],"We":[131],"found":[132],"total":[134],"49,417":[136],"articles.":[137],"After":[138],"duplicate":[139],"removal":[140],"title/abstract":[142],"screening,":[143],"613":[144],"met":[146],"inclusion":[148],"criteria,":[149],"but":[150],"592":[151],"were":[153,165],"excluded":[154],"after":[155],"full-text":[156],"review.":[157],"Therefore,":[158],"only":[159],"21":[160],"studies":[161],"involving":[162],"subjects":[164],"included":[166],"synthesis.":[170],"Conclusion:":[171],"Advancing":[172],"AI":[173,188],"requires":[179],"standardized":[180],"data":[181],"protocols":[182],"consideration":[184],"demographic":[186],"variations.":[187],"could":[189],"enhance":[190],"diagnosis,":[191],"prognosis,":[192],"differentiation":[194],"between":[195],"states":[196],"unresponsive":[198],"wakefulness":[199],"syndrome":[200],"(UWS)":[201],"minimally":[203],"conscious":[204],"state":[205],"(MCS).":[206],"Additionally,":[207],"AI-based":[208],"applications":[209],"personalize":[210],"rehabilitation":[211],"identifying":[213],"key":[214],"recovery":[215],"factors,":[216],"optimizing":[217],"patient":[218],"outcomes.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}