{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412415299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","title":"Outliers and anomalies in training and testing datasets for AI-powered morphometry\u2014evidence from CT scans of the spleen","display_name":"Outliers and anomalies in training and testing datasets for AI-powered morphometry\u2014evidence from CT scans of the spleen","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412415299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40735111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102823116","display_name":"Yuriy \u0410. Vasilev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5283-5961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113199","display_name":"National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2h2d39","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117042","display_name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","ror":"https://ror.org/01p8ehb87","country_code":"RU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117042"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuriy Vasilev","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia","Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113199","https://openalex.org/I4210117042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116791887","display_name":"A. P. Pamova","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Pamova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073605164","display_name":"Tatiana Bobrovskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-7554"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tatiana Bobrovskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113036497","display_name":"A. V. Vladzimirskyy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17877952","display_name":"Sechenov University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yqqv993","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17877952"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Vladzimirskyy","raw_affiliation_strings":["I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia","Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17877952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022236223","display_name":"Olga V. Omelyanskaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-4431"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Omelyanskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007366486","display_name":"Elena Astapenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8772-6274"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Astapenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118985271","display_name":"Artem Kruchinkin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artem Kruchinkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110769427","display_name":"N Lantsov Vladimir","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Novik Vladimir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002252517","display_name":"Kirill M. Arzamasov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-0349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135186","display_name":"MIREA - Russian Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qrtgy16","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135186"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirill Arzamasov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Moscow Technical University - MIREA, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia","Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moscow Technical University - MIREA, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Practical Clinical Center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health Care Department, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073605164","https://openalex.org/A5116791887"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84700977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1607348","last_page":"1607348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.35429999232292175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.35429999232292175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.04360000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.04039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7751420736312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.769315242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6407754421234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6241006851196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-inspection","display_name":"Visual inspection","score":0.5243620872497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5219932794570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5148465037345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5125257968902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5037743449211121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14478164911270142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7751420736312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.769315242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6407754421234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6241006851196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168820333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448889","display_name":"Visual inspection","level":2,"score":0.5243620872497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5219932794570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5148465037345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5125257968902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5037743449211121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14478164911270142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40735111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40735111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:17f2ac3602b0489eabd570c5d0395207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/17f2ac3602b0489eabd570c5d0395207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12303909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12303909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1607348/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412415299.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412415299.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969456163","https://openalex.org/W1988648062","https://openalex.org/W1994173652","https://openalex.org/W2023601759","https://openalex.org/W2044442680","https://openalex.org/W2051134472","https://openalex.org/W2098431357","https://openalex.org/W2130444042","https://openalex.org/W2211724277","https://openalex.org/W2740924709","https://openalex.org/W2752856697","https://openalex.org/W2902127804","https://openalex.org/W2904300281","https://openalex.org/W3094572470","https://openalex.org/W3160697385","https://openalex.org/W3188376160","https://openalex.org/W3214757078","https://openalex.org/W4226329159","https://openalex.org/W4233200032","https://openalex.org/W4298009384","https://openalex.org/W4312075150","https://openalex.org/W4313436621","https://openalex.org/W4320031058","https://openalex.org/W4376453806","https://openalex.org/W4378220047","https://openalex.org/W4378531238","https://openalex.org/W4379653126","https://openalex.org/W4392895756","https://openalex.org/W6750402410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006513224","https://openalex.org/W2046456988","https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W4367857133","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W1598471830","https://openalex.org/W3107369729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Creating":[1],"training":[2],"and":[3,41,62,70,116,134,154,156,164,184],"testing":[4],"datasets":[5,66,179],"for":[6,26,58],"machine":[7,39,92,157,193],"learning":[8,40,93,158,194],"algorithms":[9,94,159],"to":[10,54,68],"measure":[11],"linear":[12],"dimensions":[13],"of":[14,45,50,100,137,168,176],"organs":[15],"is":[16,53,161],"a":[17],"tedious":[18],"task.":[19],"There":[20],"are":[21],"no":[22],"universally":[23],"accepted":[24],"methods":[25,57,82,148,195],"evaluating":[27],"outliers":[28,63],"or":[29,192],"anomalies":[30,61,171],"in":[31,38,64,74],"such":[32,160],"datasets.":[33],"This":[34],"can":[35],"cause":[36],"errors":[37],"compromise":[42],"the":[43,138],"quality":[44],"end":[46],"products.":[47],"The":[48,145],"goal":[49],"this":[51],"study":[52],"identify":[55],"optimal":[56],"detecting":[59],"organ":[60,139],"medical":[65],"designed":[67],"train":[69],"test":[71],"neural":[72],"networks":[73],"morphometrics.":[75],"Methods:":[76],"=":[77],"197":[78],"patients.":[79],"Using":[80],"visual":[81,150],"(1.5":[83],"interquartile":[84],"range;":[85],"heat":[86],"map;":[87],"boxplot;":[88],"histogram;":[89],"scatter":[90],"plot),":[91],"(Isolation":[95],"forest;":[96],"Density-Based":[97],"Spatial":[98],"Clustering":[99],"Applications":[101],"with":[102],"Noise;":[103],"K-nearest":[104],"neighbors":[105],"algorithm;":[106],"Local":[107],"outlier":[108,170],"factor;":[109],"One-class":[110],"support":[111],"vector":[112],"machines;":[113],"EllipticEnvelope;":[114],"Autoencoders),":[115],"mathematical":[117,183,190],"statistics":[118,191],"(z-score,":[119],"Grubb's":[120],"test;":[121],"Rosner's":[122],"test).":[123],"Results:":[124],"We":[125],"identified":[126],"measurement":[127],"errors,":[128,130],"input":[129],"abnormal":[131],"size":[132],"values":[133],"non-standard":[135],"shapes":[136],"(sickle-shaped,":[140],"round,":[141],"triangular,":[142],"additional":[143],"lobules).":[144],"most":[146],"effective":[147],"included":[149],"techniques":[151],"(including":[152],"boxplots":[153],"histograms)":[155],"OSVM,":[162],"KNN":[163],"autoencoders.":[165],"A":[166],"total":[167],"32":[169],"were":[172],"found.":[173],"Discussion:":[174],"Curation":[175],"complex":[177],"morphometric":[178],"must":[180],"involve":[181],"thorough":[182],"clinical":[185],"analyses.":[186],"Relying":[187],"solely":[188],"on":[189],"appears":[196],"inadequate.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}