{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412817501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","title":"Divide and summarize: improve SLM text summarization","display_name":"Divide and summarize: improve SLM text summarization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412817501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40821952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087019707","display_name":"Alexandre Bailly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7851-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097851","display_name":"Setec (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/01510f568","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Bailly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seenovate, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seenovate, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119149184","display_name":"Antoine Saubin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097851","display_name":"Setec (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/01510f568","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Saubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seenovate, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seenovate, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028953510","display_name":"Gabriel Kocevar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-6498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097851","display_name":"Setec (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/01510f568","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Kocevar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seenovate, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seenovate, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090542401","display_name":"Jonathan Bodin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097851","display_name":"Setec (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/01510f568","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Bodin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seenovate, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seenovate, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087019707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097851"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07220915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1604034","last_page":"1604034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.742900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.742900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.029400000348687172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.9739783406257629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6891554594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6380288600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.44883838295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4104982614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40382421016693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33856433629989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.13445386290550232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.9739783406257629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6891554594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6380288600921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.44883838295936584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4104982614517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40382421016693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33856433629989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.13445386290550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40821952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40821952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d6a0001edab438683fcbadc18ecbbeb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d6a0001edab438683fcbadc18ecbbeb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12354567","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12354567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1604034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412817501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412817501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2467867192","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2936695845","https://openalex.org/W3015468748","https://openalex.org/W3081886688","https://openalex.org/W3200980294","https://openalex.org/W4206256378","https://openalex.org/W4206439534","https://openalex.org/W4241671229","https://openalex.org/W4283799442","https://openalex.org/W4283830961","https://openalex.org/W4285299836","https://openalex.org/W4288026847","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4361290857","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386875790","https://openalex.org/W4387323904","https://openalex.org/W4387561528","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4399795013","https://openalex.org/W4401069869","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4401306979","https://openalex.org/W4402193259","https://openalex.org/W4403579157","https://openalex.org/W4404781655","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366403280","https://openalex.org/W1495108544","https://openalex.org/W2091301346","https://openalex.org/W3148229873","https://openalex.org/W4389760904","https://openalex.org/W2150160875","https://openalex.org/W4242223894","https://openalex.org/W4306886878","https://openalex.org/W2973759123","https://openalex.org/W1517524280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Text":[1],"summarization":[2,212,247],"is":[3],"a":[4,63,86,133,137,157],"longstanding":[5],"challenge":[6],"in":[7,36,45,62,93,122,126,255],"natural":[8],"language":[9],"processing,":[10],"with":[11,144,248],"recent":[12],"advancements":[13],"driven":[14],"by":[15],"the":[16,34,37,46,55,68,72,91,94,101,105,113,124,127,151,170,184,188,197,204,219,228,253,256],"adoption":[17],"of":[18,48,116,201,213],"Large":[19],"Language":[20,25],"Models":[21,26],"(LLMs)":[22],"and":[23,79,118,199,238,259],"Small":[24],"(SLMs).":[27],"Despite":[28],"these":[29,82],"developments,":[30],"issues":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,179,181],"\"Lost":[35,92,125,254],"Middle\"":[38,95,128,257],"problem-where":[39],"LLMs":[40,226],"tend":[41],"to":[42,149,225,251],"overlook":[43],"information":[44],"middle":[47,200],"lengthy":[49],"prompts-persist.":[50],"Traditional":[51],"summarization,":[52],"often":[53],"termed":[54],"\"Stuff\"":[56],"method,":[57,206,230],"processes":[58],"an":[59,145],"entire":[60],"text":[61,73],"single":[64],"pass.":[65],"In":[66],"contrast,":[67],"\"Map\"":[69],"method":[70,103,107,172,190,221,245],"divides":[71],"into":[74,85],"segments,":[75],"summarizes":[76],"each":[77],"independently,":[78],"then":[80],"synthesizes":[81],"partial":[83],"summaries":[84,174],"final":[87],"output,":[88],"potentially":[89],"mitigating":[90],"issue.":[96],"This":[97],"study":[98,139,159],"investigates":[99],"whether":[100],"Map":[102,171,189,220,244],"outperforms":[104],"Stuff":[106,185,205,229,261],"for":[108,153,210,246],"texts":[109],"that":[110,169,175,242],"fit":[111],"within":[112],"context":[114],"window":[115],"SLMs":[117,217],"assesses":[119],"its":[120,208,232],"effectiveness":[121],"addressing":[123],"problem.":[129],"Methods:":[130],"We":[131],"conducted":[132],"two-part":[134],"investigation:":[135],"first,":[136],"simulation":[138],"using":[140,218,227,243],"generated":[141],"texts,":[142,202],"paired":[143],"automated":[146],"fact-retrieval":[147],"evaluation":[148],"eliminate":[150],"need":[152],"human":[154],"assessment;":[155],"second,":[156],"practical":[158,233,239],"summarizing":[160],"scientific":[161],"papers.":[162],"Results:":[163],"Results":[164],"from":[165,183,196],"both":[166],"studies":[167,240],"demonstrate":[168],"produces":[173],"are":[176],"at":[177,192],"least":[178],"accurate":[180],"those":[182],"method.":[186,262],"Notably,":[187],"excels":[191],"retaining":[193],"key":[194],"facts":[195],"beginning":[198],"unlike":[203],"suggesting":[207],"superiority":[209],"SLM-based":[211],"smaller":[214],"texts.":[215],"Additionally,":[216],"achieved":[222],"performance":[223],"comparable":[224],"highlighting":[231],"utility.":[234],"Discussion:":[235],"Both":[236],"theoretical":[237],"suggest":[241],"SLM":[249],"allowed":[250],"address":[252],"problem":[258],"outperform":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}