{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411664593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","title":"AI generations: from AI 1.0 to AI 4.0","display_name":"AI generations: from AI 1.0 to AI 4.0","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411664593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050537438","display_name":"Jiahao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9022-6825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064838000","display_name":"Hengxu You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengxu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101695079","display_name":"Jing Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics, Cobots and Intelligent Construction Lab, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101695079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":8.9907,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97670301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1585629","last_page":"1585629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9491999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7765171527862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.5972332954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5872315168380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","score":0.5453991889953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.4859096109867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.4719109833240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependence","display_name":"Interdependence","score":0.4499068856239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.4356386661529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-planning-and-scheduling","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","score":0.4162519872188568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3939276933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3459959626197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.20050352811813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.15513771772384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11865052580833435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7765171527862549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.5972332954406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5872315168380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5453991889953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.4859096109867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.4719109833240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.4499068856239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.4356386661529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114073186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631895","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","level":2,"score":0.4162519872188568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3939276933670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3459959626197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.20050352811813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.15513771772384644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11865052580833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40642660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40642660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec97b01ae67b4f588e2f5e86eac72023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec97b01ae67b4f588e2f5e86eac72023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11048526","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12241030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1585629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1987015852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-22-1-0492","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411664593.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411664593.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202326255","https://openalex.org/W1479928838","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1521523069","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2039509869","https://openalex.org/W2045255985","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2066076047","https://openalex.org/W2112474089","https://openalex.org/W2114900706","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2132453167","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2137077888","https://openalex.org/W2144895779","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2145946200","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2150468603","https://openalex.org/W2158935941","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2342840547","https://openalex.org/W2535547924","https://openalex.org/W2598070036","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2735575534","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2908201961","https://openalex.org/W2908436867","https://openalex.org/W2916945592","https://openalex.org/W2946794439","https://openalex.org/W2959721762","https://openalex.org/W2962736495","https://openalex.org/W2963849010","https://openalex.org/W2973379954","https://openalex.org/W2987434780","https://openalex.org/W2996037775","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3003931103","https://openalex.org/W3102327032","https://openalex.org/W3121342653","https://openalex.org/W3138798301","https://openalex.org/W3210699874","https://openalex.org/W4231678899","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4245550013","https://openalex.org/W4289598671","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293718192","https://openalex.org/W4294646197","https://openalex.org/W4298168912","https://openalex.org/W4307979480","https://openalex.org/W4312121697","https://openalex.org/W4321392130","https://openalex.org/W4386113651","https://openalex.org/W4388786517","https://openalex.org/W4391591671","https://openalex.org/W4392019445","https://openalex.org/W4396712983","https://openalex.org/W4396912858","https://openalex.org/W4396913582","https://openalex.org/W4401024643","https://openalex.org/W4402589129","https://openalex.org/W4404356429","https://openalex.org/W6667197195","https://openalex.org/W6683472420","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6730042731","https://openalex.org/W6739585900","https://openalex.org/W6809646742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3172046280","https://openalex.org/W3154004055","https://openalex.org/W3159614211","https://openalex.org/W3172480937","https://openalex.org/W3110235425","https://openalex.org/W3170841837","https://openalex.org/W2955878371","https://openalex.org/W3144736789","https://openalex.org/W3132124030","https://openalex.org/W3216814722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,143],"paper":[1,144],"proposes":[2],"that":[3,196,225],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"progresses":[7],"through":[8,73],"several":[9],"overlapping":[10],"generations:":[11],"AI":[12,16,20,27,32,45,66,87,89,116,125,150,182],"1.0":[13,46],"(Information":[14],"AI),":[15,19,23],"2.0":[17,67],"(Agentic":[18],"3.0":[21,90],"(Physical":[22],"and":[24,43,52,63,82,100,136,186,188,193,211,223],"a":[25],"speculative":[26],"4.0":[28,117],"(Conscious":[29],"AI).":[30],"Each":[31],"generation":[33],"is":[34,68,214],"driven":[35],"by":[36],"shifting":[37],"priorities":[38],"among":[39,181],"algorithms,":[40],"computing":[41,166],"power,":[42],"data.":[44],"accompanied":[47],"breakthroughs":[48],"in":[49,57,76,106,158],"pattern":[50],"recognition":[51],"information":[53],"processing,":[54,62],"fueling":[55],"advances":[56],"computer":[58],"vision,":[59],"natural":[60],"language":[61],"recommendation":[64],"systems.":[65],"built":[69],"on":[70,111],"these":[71,112,209],"foundations":[72,148],"real-time":[74],"decision-making":[75],"digital":[77],"environments,":[78],"leveraging":[79],"reinforcement":[80],"learning":[81],"adaptive":[83],"planning":[84],"for":[85,216],"agentic":[86],"applications.":[88],"extended":[91],"intelligence":[92],"into":[93],"physical":[94],"contexts,":[95],"integrating":[96],"robotics,":[97],"autonomous":[98],"vehicles,":[99],"sensor-fused":[101],"control":[102],"systems":[103,200],"to":[104,164,167],"act":[105],"uncertain":[107],"real-world":[108],"settings.":[109],"Building":[110],"developments,":[113],"the":[114,120,146,178,190],"proposed":[115],"puts":[118],"forward":[119],"bold":[121],"vision":[122],"of":[123,127,140,149],"self-directed":[124],"capable":[126],"setting":[128],"its":[129],"own":[130],"goals,":[131],"orchestrating":[132],"complex":[133],"training":[134],"regimens,":[135],"possibly":[137],"exhibiting":[138],"elements":[139],"machine":[141],"consciousness.":[142],"traces":[145],"historical":[147],"across":[151],"roughly":[152],"70":[153],"years,":[154],"mapping":[155],"how":[156],"changes":[157],"technological":[159],"bottlenecks":[160],"from":[161],"algorithmic":[162],"innovation":[163],"high-performance":[165],"specialized":[168],"data":[169],"have":[170],"stimulated":[171],"each":[172],"generational":[173],"leap.":[174],"It":[175],"further":[176],"highlights":[177],"ongoing":[179],"synergies":[180],"1.0,":[183],"2.0,":[184],"3.0,":[185],"4.0,":[187],"explores":[189],"ethical,":[191],"regulatory,":[192],"philosophical":[194],"challenges":[195],"arise":[197],"when":[198],"artificial":[199],"approach":[201],"(or":[202],"aspire":[203],"to)":[204],"human-like":[205],"autonomy.":[206],"Ultimately,":[207],"understanding":[208],"evolutions":[210],"their":[212],"interdependencies":[213],"pivotal":[215],"guiding":[217],"future":[218],"research,":[219],"crafting":[220],"responsible":[221],"governance,":[222],"ensuring":[224],"AI's":[226],"transformative":[227],"potential":[228],"benefits":[229],"society.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
