{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413944350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","title":"An AI-powered framework for assessing teacher performance in classroom interactions: a deep learning approach","display_name":"An AI-powered framework for assessing teacher performance in classroom interactions: a deep learning approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413944350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070685846","display_name":"Arwa Almubarak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arwa Almubarak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Research Excellence in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Ministry of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Research Excellence in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058545850","display_name":"Wadee Alhalabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-7268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wadee Alhalabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Immersive Virtual Reality Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Immersive Virtual Reality Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060913660","display_name":"Ibrahim Albidewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094876","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00q919b81","country_code":"SA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Albidewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Ministry of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085054121","display_name":"Eaman Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7970-3248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eaman Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Research Excellence in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Research Excellence in Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070685846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I4210094876"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":5.7113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96207549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1553051","last_page":"1553051"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.07609999924898148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.07609999924898148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14182","display_name":"Technology-Enhanced Education Studies","score":0.07540000230073929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.07100000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4978306293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44670403003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.44596919417381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3464808464050293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4978306293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44670403003692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44596919417381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3464808464050293}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40969168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cd501f16aa54dab9609b2c73f5e6812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cd501f16aa54dab9609b2c73f5e6812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11252197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12442429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12442429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12442429/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1553051/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413944350.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108034422","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2142102994","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2337155942","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2581204975","https://openalex.org/W2736977076","https://openalex.org/W2749611138","https://openalex.org/W2789954726","https://openalex.org/W2910628332","https://openalex.org/W2936525157","https://openalex.org/W2943757582","https://openalex.org/W2950800384","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963876278","https://openalex.org/W2972179150","https://openalex.org/W2973498487","https://openalex.org/W2982161360","https://openalex.org/W2997149829","https://openalex.org/W3012154030","https://openalex.org/W3015409059","https://openalex.org/W3046519048","https://openalex.org/W3048112556","https://openalex.org/W3091063441","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3114740967","https://openalex.org/W3124262443","https://openalex.org/W3193836989","https://openalex.org/W3197532846","https://openalex.org/W3201036133","https://openalex.org/W3214466318","https://openalex.org/W3215073785","https://openalex.org/W4206967740","https://openalex.org/W4221106847","https://openalex.org/W4229658977","https://openalex.org/W4281784016","https://openalex.org/W4292603899","https://openalex.org/W4308516693","https://openalex.org/W4312516317","https://openalex.org/W4316657447","https://openalex.org/W4317513060","https://openalex.org/W4320339192","https://openalex.org/W4323846342","https://openalex.org/W4367299200","https://openalex.org/W4376275117","https://openalex.org/W4380149082","https://openalex.org/W4381515336","https://openalex.org/W4386894048","https://openalex.org/W4387540041","https://openalex.org/W4388720611","https://openalex.org/W4388823657","https://openalex.org/W4391647104","https://openalex.org/W4392591563","https://openalex.org/W4392811632","https://openalex.org/W4394680566","https://openalex.org/W4401093180","https://openalex.org/W4402788187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Teacher":[1],"performance":[2,90],"evaluation":[3,146],"is":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,73],"improving":[7],"instructional":[8],"quality":[9],"and":[10,22,39,51,71,75,110,132,147,154],"guiding":[11],"professional":[12],"development,":[13],"yet":[14],"traditional":[15,139],"observation-based":[16],"methods":[17],"can":[18,128],"be":[19],"subjective,":[20],"labor-intensive,":[21],"inconsistently":[23],"reliable.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"proposes":[27],"an":[28,96],"AI-powered":[29],"framework":[30,43,143],"to":[31,151],"objectively":[32],"assess":[33],"classroom":[34,55,67,106],"interactions.":[35,107],"Methods:":[36],"We":[37],"developed":[38],"evaluated":[40,93],"a":[41],"computer-vision":[42],"using":[44,80],"three":[45],"state-of-the-art":[46],"object":[47],"detectors-YOLOv8,":[48],"Faster":[49,108],"R-CNN,":[50],"RetinaNet-to":[52],"identify":[53],"eleven":[54],"interaction":[56],"categories.":[57],"A":[58],"labeled":[59],"dataset":[60],"of":[61,98],"7,259":[62],"images":[63],"collected":[64],"from":[65],"real":[66],"settings":[68],"was":[69,78],"annotated":[70],"used":[72],"training":[74],"evaluation.":[76],"Performance":[77],"assessed":[79],"mean":[81],"Average":[82],"Precision":[83],"(mAP).":[84],"Results:":[85],"YOLOv8":[86],"achieved":[87],"the":[88,92,149],"best":[89],"among":[91],"models,":[94],"with":[95],"mAP":[97],"85.8%,":[99],"indicating":[100],"strong":[101],"accuracy":[102],"in":[103,156],"detecting":[104],"diverse":[105],"R-CNN":[109],"RetinaNet":[111],"performed":[112],"competitively":[113],"but":[114],"were":[115],"outperformed":[116],"by":[117],"YOLOv8.":[118],"Discussion/Conclusion:":[119],"The":[120,141],"results":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"that":[123],"modern":[124],"deep":[125],"learning-based":[126],"detection":[127],"provide":[129],"more":[130],"objective":[131],"reliable":[133],"insights":[134],"into":[135],"teacher-student":[136],"interactions":[137],"than":[138],"approaches.":[140],"proposed":[142],"supports":[144],"evidence-based":[145],"has":[148],"potential":[150],"enhance":[152],"feedback":[153],"outcomes":[155],"educational":[157],"practice.].":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}