{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410893223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","title":"Early diagnosis of autism across developmental stages through scalable and interpretable ensemble model","display_name":"Early diagnosis of autism across developmental stages through scalable and interpretable ensemble model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410893223","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035066578","display_name":"Nasirul Mumenin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147955","display_name":"Bangladesh University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0400am365","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nasirul Mumenin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147955"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101683408","display_name":"Md Mamunur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-2891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59805279","display_name":"Islamic University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/057gnqw22","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59805279"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maisha Mumtaz Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59805279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047478045","display_name":"Mohammad Abu Yousuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8065-7173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46080048","display_name":"Jahangirnagar University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ywb0864","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abu Yousuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46080048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044746485","display_name":"Farzan Majeed Noori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-3835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farzan M. Noori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051442365","display_name":"Md. Zia Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-1834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zia Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF (Norwegian: Stiftelsen for Industriell og Teknisk Forskning) Digital, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Communication Technologies, SINTEF (Norwegian: Stiftelsen for Industriell og Teknisk Forskning) Digital, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035066578","https://openalex.org/A5044746485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183","https://openalex.org/I4210147955"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":5.3731,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96116744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1507922","last_page":"1507922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.9075000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7430629730224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7158297896385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6881246566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","score":0.6818804740905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6661791801452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5781239867210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5715858340263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5515354871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.4997401237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism","display_name":"Autism","score":0.48830413818359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.44933316111564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.42861804366111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18865934014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-psychology","display_name":"Developmental psychology","score":0.1455610990524292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7430629730224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7158297896385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6881246566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.6818804740905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6661791801452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5781239867210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5715858340263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5515354871749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4997401237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.48830413818359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.44933316111564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.42861804366111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18865934014320374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.1455610990524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40520950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cf54c56e0dd745b0a9b3db61dfe1b3ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cf54c56e0dd745b0a9b3db61dfe1b3ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10975534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12164165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1507922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410893223.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410893223.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572404648","https://openalex.org/W2128639372","https://openalex.org/W2131502071","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W2598909094","https://openalex.org/W2748022024","https://openalex.org/W2753415590","https://openalex.org/W2790175216","https://openalex.org/W2809960885","https://openalex.org/W2920004509","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2988828954","https://openalex.org/W2990714382","https://openalex.org/W2997804355","https://openalex.org/W3047536849","https://openalex.org/W3080816325","https://openalex.org/W3093759690","https://openalex.org/W3102100346","https://openalex.org/W3135924050","https://openalex.org/W3149839747","https://openalex.org/W3164731060","https://openalex.org/W3173150707","https://openalex.org/W3183048323","https://openalex.org/W3184737574","https://openalex.org/W3197529941","https://openalex.org/W3209903954","https://openalex.org/W4212886747","https://openalex.org/W4225562137","https://openalex.org/W4230817575","https://openalex.org/W4235007444","https://openalex.org/W4236352589","https://openalex.org/W4280653631","https://openalex.org/W4283809527","https://openalex.org/W4294250378","https://openalex.org/W4312402856","https://openalex.org/W4313201183","https://openalex.org/W4318003502","https://openalex.org/W4367624022","https://openalex.org/W4386222365","https://openalex.org/W4386702994","https://openalex.org/W4387375498","https://openalex.org/W4390591048","https://openalex.org/W4391754863","https://openalex.org/W4392577385","https://openalex.org/W4407271483","https://openalex.org/W4408564245","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6750729320","https://openalex.org/W6758548750","https://openalex.org/W6762237446","https://openalex.org/W6795016351","https://openalex.org/W6797052286","https://openalex.org/W6801040037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388745254","https://openalex.org/W2980082554","https://openalex.org/W1517228774","https://openalex.org/W2767419625","https://openalex.org/W2389704471","https://openalex.org/W20047544","https://openalex.org/W2944292463","https://openalex.org/W3014252901","https://openalex.org/W4405005423","https://openalex.org/W4410468389"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autism":[0],"Spectrum":[1],"Disorder":[2],"(ASD)":[3],"is":[4,26],"a":[5,39,56,118,176],"multifaceted":[6],"neurodevelopmental":[7],"condition":[8],"that":[9,31],"challenges":[10],"early":[11],"diagnosis":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,28,46,160],"its":[15],"diverse":[16,186],"manifestations":[17],"across":[18,185],"different":[19],"developmental":[20,34,189],"stages.":[21,190],"Timely":[22],"and":[23,41,67,98,104,117,124,136,179,188],"accurate":[24],"detection":[25],"essential":[27],"enable":[29],"interventions":[30],"significantly":[32],"enhance":[33],"outcomes.":[35],"This":[36,173],"study":[37],"introduces":[38],"robust":[40],"interpretable":[42],"machine":[43,143],"learning":[44,144],"framework":[45,54,174],"diagnose":[47],"ASD":[48,183],"using":[49,88,101],"questionnaire":[50],"data.":[51],"The":[52,83],"proposed":[53,152],"leverages":[55],"stacked":[57],"ensemble":[58],"model,":[59],"combining":[60],"Random":[61],"Forest":[62],"(RF),":[63],"Extra":[64],"Tree":[65],"(ET),":[66],"CatBoost":[68],"(CB)":[69],"as":[70,80],"base":[71],"classifiers,":[72],"with":[73,141],"an":[74],"Artificial":[75],"Neural":[76],"Network":[77],"(ANN)":[78],"serving":[79],"the":[81,147,151],"meta-classifier.":[82],"methodology":[84],"addresses":[85],"class":[86],"imbalance":[87],"Safe-Level":[89],"SMOTE,":[90],"dimensionality":[91],"reduction":[92],"via":[93],"Principal":[94],"Component":[95],"Analysis":[96],"(PCA),":[97],"feature":[99,162],"selection":[100],"Mutual":[102],"Information":[103],"Pearson":[105],"correlation.":[106],"Evaluation":[107],"on":[108],"publicly":[109],"available":[110],"datasets":[111],"representing":[112],"toddlers,":[113],"children,":[114,122],"adolescents,":[115,123],"adults,":[116],"merged":[119],"dataset":[120],"(Combining":[121],"adults":[125],"dataset)":[126],"demonstrates":[127],"high":[128],"diagnostic":[129],"accuracy,":[130],"achieving":[131],"99.86%,":[132],"99.68%,":[133],"98.17%,":[134],"99.89%,":[135],"96.96%,":[137],"respectively.":[138],"Comparative":[139],"analysis":[140],"standard":[142],"models":[145],"underscores":[146],"superior":[148],"performance":[149],"of":[150],"framework.":[153],"SHapley":[154],"Additive":[155],"exPlanations":[156],"(SHAP)":[157],"were":[158],"used":[159],"interpret":[161],"importance,":[163],"while":[164],"Monte":[165],"Carlo":[166],"Dropout":[167],"(MCD)":[168],"quantified":[169],"uncertainty":[170],"in":[171],"predictions.":[172],"provides":[175],"scalable,":[177],"interpretable,":[178],"reliable":[180],"solution":[181],"for":[182],"screening":[184],"populations":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}