{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404832571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","title":"Implementation of deep reinforcement learning models for emotion detection and personalization of learning in hybrid educational environments","display_name":"Implementation of deep reinforcement learning models for emotion detection and personalization of learning in hybrid educational environments","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404832571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39668890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002559820","display_name":"Jaime Govea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5706-8422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102282","display_name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","ror":"https://ror.org/0198j4566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Govea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciberseguridad, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador","University of the Americas, Quito, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciberseguridad, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Americas, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114229487","display_name":"Alexandra Maldonado Navarro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102282","display_name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","ror":"https://ror.org/0198j4566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Maldonado Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maestr\u00eda en Seguridad Digital, Escuela de Postgrados, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maestr\u00eda en Seguridad Digital, Escuela de Postgrados, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045314910","display_name":"Santiago S\u00e1nchez-Viteri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140740","display_name":"Universidad Internacional del Ecuador","ror":"https://ror.org/04xf2rc74","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140740"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago S\u00e1nchez-Viteri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador","International University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140740"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International University of Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033572800","display_name":"William Villegas-Ch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102282","display_name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","ror":"https://ror.org/0198j4566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Villegas-Ch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciberseguridad, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador","University of the Americas, Quito, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Ciberseguridad, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Americas, Quito, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":3.2699,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93500385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1458230","last_page":"1458230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9611999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9151999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.800061821937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7474240660667419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5789982676506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4551307260990143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40460464358329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3929365873336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3440428078174591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28487783670425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21366432309150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.07118561863899231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.800061821937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7474240660667419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5789982676506042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4551307260990143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40460464358329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3929365873336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3440428078174591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28487783670425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21366432309150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.07118561863899231}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39668890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39668890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11634863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11634863","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11634863/pdf/frai-07-1458230.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a46132eb4c54428baf396ea8de90ba0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a46132eb4c54428baf396ea8de90ba0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1458230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1421175499","https://openalex.org/W1950009170","https://openalex.org/W2134305102","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2952485636","https://openalex.org/W2966279290","https://openalex.org/W2972311718","https://openalex.org/W2979650406","https://openalex.org/W3082115220","https://openalex.org/W3098094428","https://openalex.org/W3134006770","https://openalex.org/W3157202587","https://openalex.org/W3182319652","https://openalex.org/W3203985373","https://openalex.org/W4206999457","https://openalex.org/W4225728089","https://openalex.org/W4296872783","https://openalex.org/W4313400414","https://openalex.org/W4315480006","https://openalex.org/W4317728306","https://openalex.org/W4320481930","https://openalex.org/W4321597600","https://openalex.org/W4353051709","https://openalex.org/W4361011606","https://openalex.org/W4361987556","https://openalex.org/W4365790177","https://openalex.org/W4383187462","https://openalex.org/W4385833430","https://openalex.org/W4386067233","https://openalex.org/W4386699389","https://openalex.org/W4388543828","https://openalex.org/W4390291290","https://openalex.org/W4390532855","https://openalex.org/W4390800203","https://openalex.org/W4391749772","https://openalex.org/W4392137661","https://openalex.org/W4392445336","https://openalex.org/W4403510960","https://openalex.org/W6628153393","https://openalex.org/W6640817014","https://openalex.org/W6767698378","https://openalex.org/W6853062629","https://openalex.org/W6860799436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"integration":[1],"of":[2,22,109,114,125,134,167,208],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"in":[5,60,66,122,174],"education":[6],"has":[7],"shown":[8],"great":[9],"potential":[10,207],"to":[11,30,33,57,104,137,146,154,211],"improve":[12,105,212],"student's":[13],"learning":[14,55,98,149,184,190,201],"experience":[15],"through":[16,77],"emotion":[17,126,187],"detection":[18,107,188],"and":[19,43,62,80,83,92,102,111,165,189,199,215,225],"the":[20,95,106,112,123,132,135,163,168,206],"personalization":[21,113,150,191],"learning.":[23,115],"Many":[24],"educational":[25,69],"settings":[26],"lack":[27],"adequate":[28],"mechanisms":[29],"dynamically":[31],"adapt":[32],"students'":[34],"emotions,":[35],"which":[36],"can":[37,192],"negatively":[38],"impact":[39],"their":[40],"academic":[41,213],"performance":[42,214],"engagement.":[44],"This":[45,178],"study":[46,179],"addresses":[47],"this":[48],"problem":[49],"by":[50],"implementing":[51],"a":[52,67,119,196,219],"deep":[53,96],"reinforcement":[54,97,183],"model":[56,99],"detect":[58],"emotions":[59,110],"real-time":[61],"personalize":[63],"teaching":[64],"strategies":[65],"hybrid":[68],"environment.":[70],"Using":[71],"data":[72],"from":[73,129,144,152],"500":[74],"students,":[75],"captured":[76],"cameras,":[78],"microphones,":[79],"biometric":[81],"sensors":[82],"pre-processed":[84],"with":[85,158,170],"advanced":[86],"techniques":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89],"histogram":[90],"equalization":[91],"noise":[93],"reduction,":[94],"was":[100],"trained":[101],"validated":[103],"accuracy":[108,124],"results":[117],"showed":[118],"significant":[120],"improvement":[121],"detection,":[127],"going":[128],"72.4%":[130],"before":[131],"implementation":[133],"system":[136],"89.3%":[138],"after.":[139],"Real-time":[140],"adaptability":[141],"also":[142],"increased":[143],"68.5":[145],"87.6%,":[147],"while":[148],"rose":[151],"70.2":[153],"90.1%.":[155],"K-fold":[156],"cross-validation":[157],"k":[159],"=":[160],"10":[161],"confirmed":[162],"robustness":[164],"generalization":[166],"model,":[169],"consistently":[171],"high":[172],"scores":[173],"all":[175],"evaluated":[176],"metrics.":[177],"demonstrates":[180],"that":[181],"integrating":[182],"models":[185],"for":[186,222],"transform":[193],"education,":[194],"providing":[195],"more":[197],"adaptive":[198],"student-centered":[200],"experience.":[202],"These":[203],"findings":[204],"identify":[205],"these":[209],"technologies":[210],"student":[216],"engagement,":[217],"offering":[218],"solid":[220],"foundation":[221],"future":[223],"research":[224],"implementation.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
