{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403616547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","title":"Heuristic machine learning approaches for identifying phishing threats across web and email platforms","display_name":"Heuristic machine learning approaches for identifying phishing threats across web and email platforms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403616547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39498387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066705237","display_name":"Ramprasath Jayaprakash","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ramprasath Jayaprakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102882497","display_name":"Krishnaraj Natarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-8335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnaraj Natarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007353459","display_name":"Alfred Daniel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-3425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65220239","display_name":"Karpagam Academy of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00ssvzv66","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65220239"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Alfred Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65220239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023517558","display_name":"Chandru Vignesh Chinnappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5513-846X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandru Vignesh Chinnappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067818038","display_name":"Jayant Giri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4438-2613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106255","display_name":"Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kxpxf76","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106255"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayant Giri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106255"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063211322","display_name":"Hong Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1060-6722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177097968","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Chattanooga","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqb1v70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, United States","Department of Computer Science, School of Data Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177097968"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Data Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033317672","display_name":"Saurav Mallik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4107-6784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saurav Mallik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States","Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033317672","https://openalex.org/A5063211322","https://openalex.org/A5066705237"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I138006243","https://openalex.org/I177097968","https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":9.5708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97962533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1414122","last_page":"1414122"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.9858666062355042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8212945461273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7474494576454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.66551673412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6036179065704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.5183507204055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.5001249313354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4478673040866852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.40128839015960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.25709784030914307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9858666062355042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8212945461273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7474494576454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.66551673412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6036179065704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.5183507204055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.5001249313354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4478673040866852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.40128839015960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.25709784030914307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39498387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39498387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11532189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11532189","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11532189/pdf/frai-07-1414122.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:datascience-pubs-1003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/datascience-pubs/4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196314","display_name":"ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","host_organization_name":"Old Dominion University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data Science Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47e53f5a987c468a9eb933e2f349628b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47e53f5a987c468a9eb933e2f349628b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2024.1414122/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311672","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403616547.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403616547.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301363727","https://openalex.org/W2777888449","https://openalex.org/W2906351126","https://openalex.org/W3003583062","https://openalex.org/W3025204993","https://openalex.org/W3087583997","https://openalex.org/W3088060078","https://openalex.org/W3108671495","https://openalex.org/W3171018146","https://openalex.org/W3172812635","https://openalex.org/W3175552437","https://openalex.org/W4212962367","https://openalex.org/W4224940282","https://openalex.org/W4226443146","https://openalex.org/W4281701999","https://openalex.org/W4283735463","https://openalex.org/W4296617364","https://openalex.org/W4303857474","https://openalex.org/W4309237020","https://openalex.org/W4309623101","https://openalex.org/W4309765541","https://openalex.org/W4310257723","https://openalex.org/W4310612654","https://openalex.org/W4312123693","https://openalex.org/W4312175825","https://openalex.org/W4319320234","https://openalex.org/W4321769304","https://openalex.org/W4322487983","https://openalex.org/W4323065767","https://openalex.org/W4323655380","https://openalex.org/W4366590727","https://openalex.org/W4381281592","https://openalex.org/W4387556984","https://openalex.org/W4391592188","https://openalex.org/W4394015528","https://openalex.org/W4401048108","https://openalex.org/W4401055958","https://openalex.org/W6794115575","https://openalex.org/W6962841327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2569769548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Life":[0],"has":[1,191,221],"become":[2],"more":[3],"comfortable":[4],"in":[5,11,113],"the":[6,34,80,141,162,188,199,214],"era":[7],"of":[8,33,195,210,225],"advanced":[9],"technology":[10],"this":[12,120],"cutthroat":[13],"competitive":[14],"world.":[15],"However,":[16],"there":[17],"are":[18,143,176,230],"also":[19],"emerging":[20],"harmful":[21],"technologies":[22],"that":[23,37,67,187],"pose":[24],"a":[25,28,70,74,192,207,222],"threat.":[26],"Without":[27],"doubt,":[29],"phishing":[30,61,75,128,147,171,181,204,219],"is":[31,103],"one":[32],"rising":[35],"concerns":[36],"leads":[38],"to":[39,78,82,104,145,169,178],"stealing":[40],"vital":[41],"information":[42,107],"such":[43,90],"as":[44,91],"passwords,":[45,95],"security":[46],"codes,":[47],"and":[48,86,96,116,126,134,154,183,227],"personal":[49,106],"data":[50,142,150],"from":[51,69,137],"any":[52],"target":[53],"node":[54],"through":[55,108],"communication":[56],"hijacking":[57],"techniques.":[58,160],"In":[59,212],"addition,":[60,213],"attacks":[62,148,155],"include":[63],"delivering":[64],"false":[65],"messages":[66],"originate":[68],"trusted":[71],"source.":[72],"Moreover,":[73],"attack":[76],"aims":[77],"get":[79],"victim":[81],"run":[83],"malicious":[84,109],"programs":[85],"reveal":[87],"confidential":[88],"data,":[89],"bank":[92],"credentials,":[93],"one-time":[94],"user":[97],"login":[98],"credentials.":[99],"The":[100],"sole":[101],"intention":[102],"collect":[105],"program-based":[110],"attempts":[111],"embedded":[112],"URLs,":[114],"emails,":[115],"website-based":[117,127],"attempts.":[118,139],"Notably,":[119],"proposed":[121,163,189,200,215],"technique":[122,190,216],"detects":[123],"URL,":[124],"email,":[125],"attacks,":[129],"which":[130],"will":[131],"be":[132],"beneficial":[133],"secure":[135],"us":[136],"scam":[138],"Subsequently,":[140],"pre-processed":[144],"identify":[146,170],"using":[149,157],"cleaning,":[151],"attribute":[152],"selection,":[153],"detected":[156],"machine":[158,167],"learning":[159,168],"Furthermore,":[161],"techniques":[164,201],"use":[165],"heuristic-based":[166],"attacks.":[172],"Admittedly,":[173],"56":[174],"features":[175,229],"used":[177,231],"analyze":[179],"URL":[180],"findings,":[182],"experimental":[184],"results":[185],"show":[186],"better":[193,223],"accuracy":[194,209,224],"97.2%.":[196],"Above":[197],"all,":[198],"for":[202,217,232],"email":[203],"detection":[205,220],"obtain":[206],"higher":[208],"97.4%.":[211],"website":[218],"98.1%,":[226],"48":[228],"analysis.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}