{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387704161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","title":"Artificial intelligence as the new frontier in chemical risk assessment","display_name":"Artificial intelligence as the new frontier in chemical risk assessment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387704161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37915539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091124551","display_name":"Thomas H\u00e4rtung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189712700","display_name":"University of Konstanz","ror":"https://ror.org/0546hnb39","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hartung","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189712700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Bloomberg School of Public Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091124551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I189712700"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":10.3739,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98704801,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1269932","last_page":"1269932"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14351","display_name":"Statistical and Computational Modeling","score":0.9088000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.8153653144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.45745718479156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3663482069969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3316406309604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32963359355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20766094326972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10174542665481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.08059641718864441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.8153653144836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.45745718479156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3663482069969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3316406309604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32963359355926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20766094326972961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10174542665481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08059641718864441}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37915539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37915539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10616238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10616238","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10616238/pdf/frai-06-1269932.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c036e540ec1d4ae9a99c1bc47e0e7973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c036e540ec1d4ae9a99c1bc47e0e7973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 6 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1269932/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387704161.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2822962393","https://openalex.org/W3127020663","https://openalex.org/W3173735040","https://openalex.org/W4213427932","https://openalex.org/W4281759084","https://openalex.org/W4286111163","https://openalex.org/W4367050536","https://openalex.org/W6797169491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2347401120","https://openalex.org/W2310010941","https://openalex.org/W1988132375","https://openalex.org/W2334292868","https://openalex.org/W579144800","https://openalex.org/W2046798653","https://openalex.org/W2069525434","https://openalex.org/W2021057137","https://openalex.org/W4300812724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"progress":[2],"of":[3,8],"AI":[4,18,43,45,65,116,134],"impacts":[5],"various":[6],"areas":[7],"life,":[9],"including":[10],"toxicology,":[11],"and":[12,51,86,99,130],"promises":[13],"a":[14,27,38,58,121],"major":[15],"role":[16],"for":[17,42],"in":[19,61],"future":[20],"risk":[21,105],"assessments.":[22],"Toxicology":[23],"has":[24],"shifted":[25],"from":[26],"purely":[28],"empirical":[29],"science":[30],"focused":[31],"on":[32],"observing":[33],"chemical":[34],"exposure":[35],"outcomes":[36],"to":[37,49,95,138],"data-rich":[39],"field":[40],"ripe":[41],"integration.":[44],"methods":[46],"are":[47],"well-suited":[48],"handling":[50],"integrating":[52],"large,":[53],"diverse":[54],"data":[55,98],"volumes":[56],"-":[57],"key":[59],"challenge":[60],"modern":[62],"toxicology.":[63],"Additionally,":[64],"enables":[66],"Predictive":[67],"Toxicology,":[68],"as":[69,120],"demonstrated":[70],"by":[71],"the":[72],"automated":[73],"read-across":[74],"tool":[75],"RASAR":[76],"that":[77],"achieved":[78],"87%":[79],"balanced":[80],"accuracy":[81],"across":[82],"nine":[83],"OECD":[84],"tests":[85],"190,000":[87],"chemicals,":[88],"outperforming":[89],"animal":[90],"test":[91],"reproducibility.":[92],"AI's":[93],"ability":[94],"handle":[96],"big":[97],"provide":[100],"probabilistic":[101,104],"outputs":[102],"facilitates":[103],"assessment.":[106],"Rather":[107],"than":[108],"just":[109],"replicating":[110],"human":[111],"skills":[112],"at":[113],"larger":[114],"scales,":[115],"should":[117],"be":[118],"viewed":[119],"transformative":[122],"technology.":[123],"Despite":[124],"potential":[125],"challenges,":[126],"like":[127],"model":[128],"black-boxing":[129],"dataset":[131],"biases,":[132],"explainable":[133],"(xAI)":[135],"is":[136],"emerging":[137],"address":[139],"these":[140],"issues.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
