{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315797508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","title":"Three levels at which the user's cognition can be represented in artificial intelligence","display_name":"Three levels at which the user's cognition can be represented in artificial intelligence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315797508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36714204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048429428","display_name":"Baptist Liefooghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-2884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baptist Liefooghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041503675","display_name":"Leendert van Maanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9120-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leendert van Maanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048429428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":2.3194,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90288912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1092053","last_page":"1092053"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.733542799949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6856148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-modeling","display_name":"User modeling","score":0.6612735986709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-model","display_name":"Cognitive model","score":0.5907549858093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5578076839447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.5572242140769958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5354830026626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.523535966873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.41989627480506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41503477096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.41264158487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11269092559814453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.733542799949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6856148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67712803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901853","display_name":"User modeling","level":3,"score":0.6612735986709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.5907549858093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5578076839447021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.5572242140769958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5354830026626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.523535966873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.41989627480506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41503477096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.41264158487319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11269092559814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36714204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36714204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9880274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9880274","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9880274/pdf/frai-05-1092053.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3545f3be892e4385b4ea329c656c9cb1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3545f3be892e4385b4ea329c656c9cb1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 5 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/427320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/427320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2022.1092053/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315797508.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95274681","https://openalex.org/W120157444","https://openalex.org/W1502491548","https://openalex.org/W1767470961","https://openalex.org/W1781914860","https://openalex.org/W1965191725","https://openalex.org/W1969452104","https://openalex.org/W1970163274","https://openalex.org/W1983173755","https://openalex.org/W1992647933","https://openalex.org/W2006255157","https://openalex.org/W2012829003","https://openalex.org/W2017794063","https://openalex.org/W2049984164","https://openalex.org/W2057091373","https://openalex.org/W2084546532","https://openalex.org/W2089594500","https://openalex.org/W2097731551","https://openalex.org/W2101286810","https://openalex.org/W2108602246","https://openalex.org/W2112314290","https://openalex.org/W2112917626","https://openalex.org/W2126527180","https://openalex.org/W2132218683","https://openalex.org/W2133705455","https://openalex.org/W2138503165","https://openalex.org/W2141538250","https://openalex.org/W2151433332","https://openalex.org/W2158090154","https://openalex.org/W2160116727","https://openalex.org/W2160231112","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W2164231699","https://openalex.org/W2165934783","https://openalex.org/W2166667242","https://openalex.org/W2232538034","https://openalex.org/W2335612402","https://openalex.org/W2484426637","https://openalex.org/W2519223858","https://openalex.org/W2551217945","https://openalex.org/W2551544491","https://openalex.org/W2574895253","https://openalex.org/W2594908799","https://openalex.org/W2604650893","https://openalex.org/W2606747632","https://openalex.org/W2738724892","https://openalex.org/W2774522520","https://openalex.org/W2904815316","https://openalex.org/W2910340452","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2940613124","https://openalex.org/W2958577954","https://openalex.org/W2977020326","https://openalex.org/W2987432768","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2995523160","https://openalex.org/W3013906495","https://openalex.org/W3021931489","https://openalex.org/W3092611537","https://openalex.org/W3095556657","https://openalex.org/W3096071185","https://openalex.org/W3119131478","https://openalex.org/W3161043574","https://openalex.org/W3166823380","https://openalex.org/W3177102170","https://openalex.org/W3183015861","https://openalex.org/W3198230652","https://openalex.org/W4210962089","https://openalex.org/W4221045317","https://openalex.org/W4223433337","https://openalex.org/W4237567980","https://openalex.org/W4238913612","https://openalex.org/W4239052362","https://openalex.org/W4249171029","https://openalex.org/W4290972466","https://openalex.org/W6629866860","https://openalex.org/W6656808392","https://openalex.org/W6662718898","https://openalex.org/W6675414622","https://openalex.org/W6741076065","https://openalex.org/W6746809271","https://openalex.org/W6748203849","https://openalex.org/W6756002017","https://openalex.org/W6795307352","https://openalex.org/W6980195548"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590657835","https://openalex.org/W2741711008","https://openalex.org/W1992024221","https://openalex.org/W2024353257","https://openalex.org/W2104550446","https://openalex.org/W2003915001","https://openalex.org/W3048212026","https://openalex.org/W2111057027","https://openalex.org/W2746612512","https://openalex.org/W2325023811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"plays":[3],"an":[4,38,149],"important":[5,26],"role":[6],"in":[7,20,53,84,118,137],"modern":[8],"society.":[9],"AI":[10,30,39,54],"applications":[11,31,117],"are":[12,32,133],"omnipresent":[13],"and":[14,25,144],"assist":[15],"many":[16],"decisions":[17],"we":[18,48,127],"make":[19],"daily":[21],"life.":[22],"A":[23],"common":[24],"feature":[27],"of":[28,67,102,121,139,163],"such":[29,155],"user":[33,51,61,85,94,109,130,156],"models.":[34,86],"These":[35],"models":[36,52,62,66,95,110,131,138,157],"allow":[37],"application":[40],"to":[41,43,65,148],"adapt":[42],"a":[44,124],"specific":[45,112],"user.":[46,151],"Here,":[47],"argue":[49],"that":[50,129,132,154],"can":[55,80,89,158],"be":[56,90],"optimized":[57],"by":[58,99],"modeling":[59],"these":[60],"more":[63,134,142,145],"closely":[64],"human":[68,78,103],"cognition.":[69],"We":[70,152],"identify":[71],"three":[72],"levels":[73],"at":[74],"which":[75],"insights":[76],"from":[77],"cognition":[79,104,140],"be-and":[81],"have":[82],"been-integrated":[83],"Such":[87],"integration":[88],"very":[91,106],"loose":[92],"with":[93,108],"only":[96],"being":[97],"inspired":[98],"general":[100],"knowledge":[101],"or":[105],"tight":[107],"implementing":[111],"cognitive":[113],"processes.":[114],"Using":[115],"AI-based":[116],"the":[119,161],"context":[120],"education":[122],"as":[123],"case":[125],"study,":[126],"demonstrate":[128],"deeply":[135],"rooted":[136],"offer":[141],"valid":[143],"fine-grained":[146],"adaptations":[147],"individual":[150],"propose":[153],"also":[159],"advance":[160],"development":[162],"explainable":[164],"AI.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
