{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308424294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","title":"Adaptability of AI for safety evaluation in regulatory science: A case study of drug-induced liver injury","display_name":"Adaptability of AI for safety evaluation in regulatory science: A case study of drug-induced liver injury","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308424294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36425225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089604233","display_name":"Skylar Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3347-9180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304557061","display_name":"National Center for Toxicological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmhh281","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Skylar Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416903","display_name":"Ting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2280-8433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304557061","display_name":"National Center for Toxicological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmhh281","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046722857","display_name":"Ruth Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7763-7558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruth Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["ApconiX Ltd., Macclesfield, United Kingdom","Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ApconiX Ltd., Macclesfield, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070704034","display_name":"Shraddha Thakkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-7713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333606569","display_name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00yf3tm42","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shraddha Thakkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1320320070","https://openalex.org/I1333606569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459796","display_name":"Zhichao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-2399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304557061","display_name":"National Center for Toxicological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmhh281","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068886380","display_name":"Weida Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3488-6148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304557061","display_name":"National Center for Toxicological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05jmhh281","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1320320070","display_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/034xvzb47","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weida Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068886380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304557061","https://openalex.org/I1320320070"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":1.9921,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88238622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1034631","last_page":"1034631"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.933899998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.8843815326690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-science","display_name":"Regulatory science","score":0.6745589971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5699064135551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5383020639419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5346118211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-development","display_name":"Drug development","score":0.5257992148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5129261016845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47479408979415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.43808525800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug","display_name":"Drug","score":0.4331158399581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2297474443912506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.17859649658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17828920483589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.12625735998153687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.8843815326690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309705","display_name":"Regulatory science","level":2,"score":0.6745589971542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5699064135551453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5383020639419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5346118211746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.5257992148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5129261016845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47479408979415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.43808525800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4331158399581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2297474443912506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.17859649658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17828920483589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12625735998153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36425225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36425225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dfe7297101e741eead1f525a0078aa8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dfe7297101e741eead1f525a0078aa8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, Vol 5 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9679417","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9679417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.1034631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197006","display_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2624-8212","issn":["2624-8212"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543548862","https://openalex.org/W1970923034","https://openalex.org/W1996962191","https://openalex.org/W2010157121","https://openalex.org/W2092058382","https://openalex.org/W2111528621","https://openalex.org/W2118809428","https://openalex.org/W2123676318","https://openalex.org/W2295544414","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2903070673","https://openalex.org/W2987481746","https://openalex.org/W2990376563","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3118199940","https://openalex.org/W3126232929","https://openalex.org/W3153418506","https://openalex.org/W3212971182","https://openalex.org/W4292332671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945724922","https://openalex.org/W1585256759","https://openalex.org/W2609919755","https://openalex.org/W3211798705","https://openalex.org/W4245533983","https://openalex.org/W2589716039","https://openalex.org/W2462743774","https://openalex.org/W4296163696","https://openalex.org/W1537699525","https://openalex.org/W2809081408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"approaches":[0],"have":[1],"been":[2],"evaluated":[3],"as":[4,91,98,154],"alternatives":[5],"to":[6,12,76,127,144,195],"animal":[7],"studies,":[8],"in":[9,19,32,64,115,130,179,220],"a":[10,43,47,69,78,96,124,148,163,176,227],"drive":[11],"identify":[13],"and":[14,38],"mitigate":[15],"safety":[16,39,66],"concerns":[17],"earlier":[18],"the":[20,92,134,138,145,171,181,196,203,213,221,224],"drug":[21,36,65],"development":[22],"process.":[23],"Although":[24],"many":[25],"AI":[26,52,131],"tools":[27],"are":[28],"available,":[29],"their":[30],"acceptance":[31],"regulatory":[33,73,116],"decision-making":[34],"for":[35,156],"efficacy":[37],"evaluation":[40,222],"is":[41,46,88,100,106],"still":[42],"challenge.":[44],"It":[45],"common":[48],"perception":[49,63],"that":[50,170,191,212],"an":[51,107],"model":[53,70,82,97,109,149,228],"improves":[54],"with":[55,162],"more":[56,193],"data,":[57],"but":[58],"does":[59,199],"reality":[60],"reflect":[61],"this":[62,119],"assessments?":[67],"Importantly,":[68],"aiming":[71],"at":[72],"application":[74],"needs":[75],"take":[77],"broad":[79],"range":[80],"of":[81,95,137,141,184,206,223,226],"characteristics":[83],"into":[84],"consideration.":[85],"Among":[86],"them":[87],"adaptability,":[89],"defined":[90],"adaptive":[93,182,208],"behavior":[94,183],"it":[99],"retrained":[101],"on":[102],"unseen":[103],"data.":[104],"This":[105],"important":[108],"characteristic":[110],"which":[111],"should":[112],"be":[113],"considered":[114],"applications.":[117],"In":[118],"study,":[120],"we":[121,150],"set":[122,174,198],"up":[123],"comprehensive":[125],"study":[126],"assess":[128],"adaptability":[129,215],"by":[132],"mimicking":[133],"real-world":[135],"scenario":[136],"annual":[139],"addition":[140],"new":[142],"drugs":[143,194],"market,":[146],"using":[147],"previously":[151],"developed":[152],"known":[153],"DeepDILI":[155],"predicting":[157],"drug-induced":[158],"liver":[159],"injury":[160],"(DILI)":[161],"novel":[164],"Deep":[165],"Learning":[166],"method.":[167],"We":[168,210],"found":[169],"target":[172],"test":[173],"plays":[175],"major":[177],"role":[178],"assessing":[180],"our":[185,207],"model.":[186,209],"Our":[187],"findings":[188],"also":[189],"indicated":[190],"adding":[192],"training":[197],"not":[200],"significantly":[201],"affect":[202],"predictive":[204],"performance":[205,225],"concluded":[211],"proposed":[214],"assessment":[216],"framework":[217],"has":[218],"utility":[219],"over":[229],"time.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T01:25:22.217667","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}