{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389913879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","title":"Evaluation of an English language phoneme-based imagined speech brain computer interface with low-cost electroencephalography","display_name":"Evaluation of an English language phoneme-based imagined speech brain computer interface with low-cost electroencephalography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389913879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38192730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062123275","display_name":"John LaRocco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-5720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802841970","display_name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00c01js51","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John LaRocco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014921700","display_name":"Qudsia Tahmina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-8447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qudsia Tahmina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093525261","display_name":"Sam Lecian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Lecian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032971510","display_name":"Jason H. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-1099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093525262","display_name":"Cole Helbig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cole Helbig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109151793","display_name":"Surya Gupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surya Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062123275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":2.006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86799463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1306277","last_page":"1306277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8455057144165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7887128591537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7866878509521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5776821970939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5614221692085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5485506653785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.486685574054718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4657624065876007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4646648168563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40671515464782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10164481401443481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8455057144165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7887128591537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7866878509521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5776821970939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5614221692085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5485506653785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.486685574054718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4657624065876007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4646648168563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40671515464782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10164481401443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38192730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38192730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in neuroinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10773705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10773705","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10773705/pdf/fninf-17-1306277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Neuroinform","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1559e3c31c2e4aacb9b49f15b7c9e2d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1559e3c31c2e4aacb9b49f15b7c9e2d1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, Vol 17 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1306277/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389913879.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125603187","https://openalex.org/W2110015077","https://openalex.org/W2130705118","https://openalex.org/W2137237725","https://openalex.org/W2320453570","https://openalex.org/W2337065964","https://openalex.org/W2625900869","https://openalex.org/W2769268658","https://openalex.org/W2905183880","https://openalex.org/W2947322189","https://openalex.org/W2967531895","https://openalex.org/W3005302549","https://openalex.org/W3092774335","https://openalex.org/W3108113212","https://openalex.org/W3157504026","https://openalex.org/W3215965941","https://openalex.org/W4200033369","https://openalex.org/W4200272737","https://openalex.org/W4200473365","https://openalex.org/W4200550654","https://openalex.org/W4224675643","https://openalex.org/W4296047317","https://openalex.org/W4296618307","https://openalex.org/W4362671797","https://openalex.org/W4365514125","https://openalex.org/W4367609927","https://openalex.org/W6605118041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W2044053727","https://openalex.org/W1994410349","https://openalex.org/W3177028067","https://openalex.org/W1913385466","https://openalex.org/W2889342546","https://openalex.org/W2015048155","https://openalex.org/W4319302618","https://openalex.org/W1969223073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Paralyzed":[1],"and":[2,15,54,82,91,117,158,169,192,205],"physically":[3],"impaired":[4],"patients":[5],"face":[6],"communication":[7,25],"difficulties,":[8],"even":[9],"when":[10],"they":[11],"are":[12,42,51,178],"mentally":[13],"coherent":[14],"aware.":[16],"Electroencephalographic":[17],"(EEG)":[18],"brain-computer":[19],"interfaces":[20],"(BCIs)":[21],"offer":[22],"a":[23,66,73,103,110,118,126,182],"potential":[24,209],"method":[26,184],"for":[27],"these":[28,49,177],"people":[29],"without":[30],"invasive":[31],"surgery":[32],"or":[33],"physical":[34],"device":[35],"controls.":[36],"Methods:":[37],"Although":[38],"virtual":[39],"keyboard":[40],"protocols":[41],"well":[43],"documented":[44],"in":[45,125,131,187,218],"EEG":[46,68,78,200],"BCI":[47,79,201],"paradigms,":[48],"implementations":[50],"visually":[52],"taxing":[53],"fatiguing.":[55],"All":[56],"English":[57],"words":[58],"combine":[59],"44":[60],"unique":[61,67],"phonemes,":[62],"each":[63],"corresponding":[64],"to":[65,163,181],"pattern.":[69],"In":[70,141,175],"this":[71],"study,":[72],"complete":[74],"phoneme-based":[75,199],"imagined":[76],"speech":[77],"was":[80,151],"developed":[81],"tested":[83],"on":[84,155],"16":[85],"subjects.":[86],"Results:":[87],"Using":[88],"open-source":[89,203],"hardware":[90,204],"software,":[92],"machine":[93],"learning":[94],"models,":[95],"such":[96],"as":[97],"k-nearest":[98],"neighbor":[99],"(KNN),":[100],"reliably":[101],"achieved":[102],"mean":[104,111,119],"accuracy":[105],"of":[106,113,121,136,196],"97":[107],"\u00b1":[108,115,123],"0.001%,":[109],"F1":[112],"0.55":[114],"0.01,":[116],"AUC-ROC":[120],"0.68":[122],"0.002":[124],"modified":[127],"one-versus-rest":[128],"configuration,":[129],"resulting":[130],"an":[132,197],"information":[133],"transfer":[134],"rate":[135],"304.15":[137],"bits":[138],"per":[139],"minute.":[140],"line":[142],"with":[143,202,211],"prior":[144],"literature,":[145],"the":[146,152,208,213],"distinguishing":[147],"feature":[148,164],"between":[149],"phonemes":[150],"gamma":[153],"power":[154],"channels":[156],"F3":[157],"F7.":[159],"Discussion:":[160],"However,":[161],"adjustments":[162],"selection,":[165],"trial":[166],"window":[167],"length,":[168],"classifier":[170],"algorithms":[171],"may":[172],"improve":[173],"performance.":[174],"summary,":[176],"iterative":[179],"changes":[180],"viable":[183],"directly":[185],"deployable":[186],"current,":[188],"commercially":[189],"available":[190],"systems":[191],"software.":[193],"The":[194],"development":[195],"intuitive":[198],"software":[206],"demonstrates":[207],"ease":[210],"which":[212],"technology":[214],"could":[215],"be":[216],"deployed":[217],"real-world":[219],"applications.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}