{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360618723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","title":"Patterns of inflammation, microstructural alterations, and sodium accumulation define multiple sclerosis subtypes after 15 years from onset","display_name":"Patterns of inflammation, microstructural alterations, and sodium accumulation define multiple sclerosis subtypes after 15 years from onset","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360618723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37035717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102123490","display_name":"Antonio Ricciardi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Ricciardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042026137","display_name":"Francesco Grussu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0945-3909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127641","display_name":"Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari","ror":"https://ror.org/03ba28x55","country_code":"ES","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155398","display_name":"Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology","ror":"https://ror.org/054xx3904","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153040","https://openalex.org/I4387155398"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["ES","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Grussu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiomics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127641","https://openalex.org/I4387155398"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069328602","display_name":"Baris Kanber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-8800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Kanber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054815949","display_name":"Ferr\u00e1n Prados","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7872-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138847295","display_name":"Universitat Oberta de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5wp925","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138847295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}],"countries":["ES","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferran Prados","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","eHealth Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"eHealth Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138847295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042275186","display_name":"Marios Yiannakas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4986-446X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios C. Yiannakas","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054704918","display_name":"Bhavana Solanky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5946-7604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhavana S. Solanky","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061891450","display_name":"Frank Riemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800740805","display_name":"Haukeland University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03np4e098","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800740805"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Riemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800740805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041023818","display_name":"Xavier Golay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-4446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Golay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069134946","display_name":"Wallace Brownlee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wallace Brownlee","raw_affiliation_strings":["NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067383775","display_name":"Olga Ciccarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7485-1367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138523","display_name":"UCL Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03r9qc142","country_code":"GB","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210138523","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Ciccarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom","NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138523"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033449704","display_name":"Daniel C. Alexander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2439-350X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel C. Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037442059","display_name":"Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler\u2010Kingshott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-1300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151618","display_name":"National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery","ror":"https://ror.org/048b34d51","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340918713","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia A. M. Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brain Connectivity Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy","Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brain Connectivity Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I4210151618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102123490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I4210151618","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":0.2422,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56591495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1060511","last_page":"1060511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrophy","display_name":"Atrophy","score":0.5717159509658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5716813802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relaxometry","display_name":"Relaxometry","score":0.5714483261108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","score":0.5660358667373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathological","display_name":"Pathological","score":0.5338766574859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinically-isolated-syndrome","display_name":"Clinically isolated syndrome","score":0.49730613827705383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4273325204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.42570221424102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.405850887298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.19669917225837708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194520","display_name":"Atrophy","level":2,"score":0.5717159509658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5716813802719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73286259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310885","display_name":"Relaxometry","level":4,"score":0.5714483261108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.5660358667373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.5338766574859619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781028063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338802","display_name":"Clinically isolated syndrome","level":3,"score":0.49730613827705383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4273325204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.42570221424102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.405850887298584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.19669917225837708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83042744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904043","display_name":"Spin echo","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37035717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37035717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in neuroinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10168313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10168313/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10168313/1/Patterns%20of%20inflammation%2C%20microstructural%20alterations%2C%20and%20sodium%20accumulation%20define%20multiple%20sclerosis%20subtypes%20after%2015%20y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Frontiers in Neuroinformatics , 17     , Article 1060511. (2023)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10076673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10076673","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10076673/pdf/fninf-17-1060511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Neuroinform","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e14774b47374cddb8eb4fcb64b36b7e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e14774b47374cddb8eb4fcb64b36b7e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, Vol 17 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fninf.2023.1060511/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179816892","display_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","issn_l":"1662-5196","issn":["1662-5196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1255325603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"100010434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G200406418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"100010434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2167080140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J020990/01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2810537366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M020533/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3018663809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M020533/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3157788177","display_name":"Medical image computing for next-generation healthcare technology","funder_award_id":"EP/M020533/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4266322423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M020533/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5084097035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/T046473/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5132640529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ID 100010434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330256","funder_display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5732841952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"634541","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G597452249","display_name":"JPND: Stratification of presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the development of novel imaging biomarkers","funder_award_id":"MR/T046473/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6088741707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"221915/Z/20/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6496510108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J020990","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6911973117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020 BP 00117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7685134749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"100010434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330256","funder_display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7731791180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ID 100010434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7748914543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/T046422/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8420348536","display_name":"Computational Modelling and Inference of Neurodegenerative Disease Propagation","funder_award_id":"221915","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G844244329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M020533","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G869321878","display_name":"JPND: Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Subtypes","funder_award_id":"MR/T046422/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325311","display_name":"University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/042fqyp44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330256","display_name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360618723.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990269401","https://openalex.org/W1991151968","https://openalex.org/W2016590736","https://openalex.org/W2026071608","https://openalex.org/W2046748764","https://openalex.org/W2050468619","https://openalex.org/W2054422278","https://openalex.org/W2064425045","https://openalex.org/W2066429484","https://openalex.org/W2086080135","https://openalex.org/W2091564611","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105206040","https://openalex.org/W2115505856","https://openalex.org/W2127309075","https://openalex.org/W2132465749","https://openalex.org/W2138394380","https://openalex.org/W2142577589","https://openalex.org/W2147062889","https://openalex.org/W2148333046","https://openalex.org/W2165013650","https://openalex.org/W2298017990","https://openalex.org/W2413955537","https://openalex.org/W2474584762","https://openalex.org/W2478162388","https://openalex.org/W2484238088","https://openalex.org/W2547725641","https://openalex.org/W2565955889","https://openalex.org/W2761726403","https://openalex.org/W2777074421","https://openalex.org/W2885021343","https://openalex.org/W2899876890","https://openalex.org/W2911950020","https://openalex.org/W2932672475","https://openalex.org/W2944389904","https://openalex.org/W2952686744","https://openalex.org/W2975436333","https://openalex.org/W2984787707","https://openalex.org/W3008600501","https://openalex.org/W3021820897","https://openalex.org/W3179063123","https://openalex.org/W4247118366","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W7017571725"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534979851","https://openalex.org/W3206954403","https://openalex.org/W2429972425","https://openalex.org/W2910192441","https://openalex.org/W2177443840","https://openalex.org/W2979780168","https://openalex.org/W2516913217","https://openalex.org/W2010588274","https://openalex.org/W2912560294","https://openalex.org/W2173847724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Conventional":[1],"MRI":[2,44,62,120],"is":[3,23],"routinely":[4],"used":[5,135],"for":[6,160,203,210,216,226],"the":[7,34,73,76,166,175,234,246],"characterization":[8],"of":[9,21,47,75,92,118,169,186,222,236,248],"pathological":[10],"changes":[11],"in":[12,233,245,257,264],"multiple":[13],"sclerosis":[14],"(MS),":[15],"but":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,25,52,71,113,136,141,164,174],"its":[19,82],"lack":[20],"specificity":[22],"unable":[24],"provide":[26],"accurate":[27],"prognoses,":[28],"explain":[29],"disease":[30,78],"heterogeneity":[31],"and":[32,40,96,128,149,180,188,195,201,205,214,241,250,268],"reconcile":[33],"gap":[35],"between":[36,143],"observed":[37,225],"clinical":[38],"symptoms":[39],"radiological":[41],"evidence.":[42],"Quantitative":[43],"provides":[45],"measures":[46,63],"physiological":[48],"abnormalities,":[49],"otherwise":[50],"invisible":[51],"conventional":[53],"MRI,":[54],"that":[55],"correlate":[56],"with":[57,99],"MS":[58,97,153,237],"severity.":[59],"Analyzing":[60],"quantitative":[61,119],"through":[64],"machine":[65],"learning":[66],"techniques":[67],"has":[68],"been":[69],"shown":[70],"improve":[72],"understanding":[74,235],"underlying":[77],"by":[79],"better":[80],"delineating":[81],"alteration":[83],"patterns.":[84],"Methods:":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"retrospective":[88],"study,":[89],"a":[90,115,138],"cohort":[91],"healthy":[93],"controls":[94],"(HC)":[95],"patients":[98,154],"different":[100],"subtypes,":[101],"followed":[102],"up":[103],"15":[104],"years":[105],"from":[106],"clinically":[107],"isolated":[108],"syndrome":[109],"(CIS),":[110],"was":[111],"analyzed":[112],"produce":[114],"multi-modal":[116],"set":[117],"features":[121,158],"encompassing":[122],"relaxometry,":[123],"microstructure,":[124],"sodium":[125,261],"ion":[126,262],"concentration,":[127],"tissue":[129,172],"volumetry.":[130],"Random":[131],"forest":[132],"classifiers":[133],"were":[134,190,224,271],"train":[137],"model":[139],"able":[140],"discriminate":[142],"HC,":[144],"CIS,":[145,267],"relapsing":[146],"remitting":[147],"(RR)":[148],"secondary":[150],"progressive":[151],"(SP)":[152],"based":[155],"on":[156],"these":[157],"and,":[159],"each":[161,170,227],"classification":[162,176,183,228,247],"task,":[163,229],"identify":[165],"relative":[167],"contribution":[168],"MRI-derived":[171],"property":[173],"task":[177],"itself.":[178],"Results":[179],"discussion:":[181],"Average":[182],"accuracy":[184],"scores":[185],"99":[187],"95%":[189],"obtained":[191],"when":[192],"discriminating":[193],"HC":[194,204,217,249,265],"CIS":[196,206,251],"vs.":[197,207,212,218,252,259,266],"SP,":[198,213,260],"respectively;":[199],"82":[200],"83%":[202],"RR;":[208],"76%":[209],"RR":[211,258],"79%":[215],"CIS.":[219],"Different":[220],"patterns":[221],"alterations":[223,270],"offering":[230],"key":[231],"insights":[232],"phenotypes":[238],"pathophysiology:":[239],"atrophy":[240],"relaxometry":[242,254],"emerged":[243],"particularly":[244],"MS,":[253],"within":[255],"lesions":[256],"concentration":[263],"microstructural":[269],"involved":[272],"across":[273],"all":[274],"tasks.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}