{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416233507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","title":"Open LLM-based actionable incidental finding extraction from [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT radiology reports","display_name":"Open LLM-based actionable incidental finding extraction from [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT radiology reports","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416233507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41324019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076609099","display_name":"Stephen Barlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9059-9974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen H. Barlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044586208","display_name":"Sugama Chicklore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-2139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324925910","display_name":"St Thomas' Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054gk2851","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sugama Chicklore","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom","School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015709853","display_name":"Yulan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3948-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom","Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082106258","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Ourselin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-5340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Ourselin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087403405","display_name":"Thomas Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3867-6829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801138448","display_name":"The Royal Free Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ge67z96","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169248724","https://openalex.org/I2801138448"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Imaging, Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom","Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging, Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801138448","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033812291","display_name":"Anna Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-214X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's Technology Evaluation Centre (KiTEC), School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's Technology Evaluation Centre (KiTEC), School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027221531","display_name":"Gary Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324925910","display_name":"St Thomas' Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054gk2851","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary J. R. Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom","School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076609099"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47090929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1702082","last_page":"1702082"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.2831999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.2831999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.12729999423027039,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.07660000026226044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2854999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41324019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41324019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfe6c2bb90834731a7ad153696fd61bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfe6c2bb90834731a7ad153696fd61bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11466663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12660291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1482417220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C1519","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","funder_display_name":"Cancer Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1938145382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT 203148/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5296857752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203148/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337314","funder_display_name":"Centre For Medical Engineering, King\u2019s College London"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6330608198","display_name":"DTP 2020-2021 King's College London","funder_award_id":"EP/T517963/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7599028762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C1519/A28682","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","funder_display_name":"Cancer Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8215791725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT 203148/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320285","funder_display_name":"King's College London"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8303168876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT 203148/Z/16/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8787748348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"203148/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G961285871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WT 203148/Z/16/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337314","funder_display_name":"Centre For Medical Engineering, King\u2019s College London"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319985","display_name":"Cancer Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/054225q67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320285","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337314","display_name":"Centre For Medical Engineering, King\u2019s College London","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9kfd63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416233507.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1835136410","https://openalex.org/W2099269739","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2169555661","https://openalex.org/W2399959129","https://openalex.org/W2533964882","https://openalex.org/W2587741066","https://openalex.org/W2605753964","https://openalex.org/W2606007817","https://openalex.org/W2789114030","https://openalex.org/W2805183640","https://openalex.org/W2955915516","https://openalex.org/W3012387179","https://openalex.org/W3110003665","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4229011287","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4306898418","https://openalex.org/W4307734964","https://openalex.org/W4311632362","https://openalex.org/W4312220150","https://openalex.org/W4319032460","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4324067021","https://openalex.org/W4385567149","https://openalex.org/W4386867830","https://openalex.org/W4390741581","https://openalex.org/W4394894051","https://openalex.org/W4398318735","https://openalex.org/W4402671934","https://openalex.org/W4402671950","https://openalex.org/W4403334020","https://openalex.org/W4403420208","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W4404837143","https://openalex.org/W4405021649","https://openalex.org/W4405515518","https://openalex.org/W4408226143"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"F]FDG":[1,48],"PET-CT)":[2],"reports.":[3,215],"This":[4,88,143],"imaging":[5],"modality":[6],"often":[7],"uncovers":[8],"AIFs,":[9,24],"which":[10],"can":[11,220],"affect":[12,187],"a":[13,55,194],"patient's":[14],"treatment.":[15],"The":[16,73,99,171],"pipeline":[17,100],"classifies":[18],"reports":[19,65],"for":[20],"the":[21,26,31,114,121,158,163],"presence":[22],"of":[23,63,105,125,166,173],"extracts":[25,201],"relevant":[27],"sentences,":[28],"and":[29,44,84,92,109,116,129,135,168,185,207,212,229,231],"stores":[30],"results":[32],"in":[33,41,152],"structured":[34],"JavaScript":[35],"Object":[36],"Notation":[37],"format,":[38],"enabling":[39],"use":[40],"both":[42,95,205,210],"short-":[43],"long-term":[45,232],"applications.":[46],"Methods:":[47],"PET-CT":[49,214],"reports,":[50],"respectively,":[51],"were":[52,133],"annotated":[53,67],"by":[54,68],"nuclear":[56,70],"medicine":[57,71],"physician.":[58],"An":[59],"external":[60,117,213],"test":[61,96,118],"dataset":[62,75],"460":[64],"was":[66,76,89,157],"two":[69],"physicians.":[72],"training":[74],"used":[77],"to":[78],"fine-tune":[79],"an":[80],"LLM":[81,160,196],"using":[82],"QLoRA":[83],"chain-of-thought":[85],"(CoT)":[86],"prompting.":[87],"evaluated":[90],"quantitatively":[91],"qualitatively":[93],"on":[94,113],"datasets.":[97,119],"Results:":[98],"achieved":[101],"document-level":[102],"F1":[103,123],"scores":[104,124],"0.917":[106],"\u00b1":[107,111,127,131],"0.016":[108],"0.79":[110],"0.025":[112],"internal":[115,211],"At":[120],"sentence-level,":[122],"0.754":[126],"0.011":[128],"0.522":[130],"0.012":[132],"recorded,":[134],"qualitative":[136,144],"analysis":[137,145],"demonstrated":[138],"even":[139],"higher":[140],"practical":[141],"utility.":[142],"revealed":[146],"how":[147],"sentence-level":[148,208],"performance":[149,167,177],"is":[150],"better":[151],"practice.":[153],"Discussion:":[154],"Llama-3.1-8B":[155],"Instruct":[156],"base":[159],"that":[161,193],"provided":[162],"best":[164],"combination":[165],"computational":[169],"efficiency.":[170],"utilisation":[172],"CoT":[174,198],"prompting":[175,199],"improved":[176],"further.":[178],"Radiology":[179],"reporting":[180],"characteristics":[181],"such":[182],"as":[183],"length":[184],"style":[186],"model":[188,219],"generalisation.":[189],"Conclusion:":[190],"We":[191,216],"find":[192],"QLoRA-adapted":[195],"utilising":[197],"successfully":[200],"AIF":[202],"information":[203],"at":[204],"document-":[206],"from":[209],"believe":[217],"this":[218],"assist":[221],"with":[222],"short-term":[223],"clinical":[224,227],"challenges":[225],"like":[226,234],"alerts":[228],"reminders,":[230],"tasks":[233],"investigating":[235],"comorbidities.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}
