{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415781909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","title":"Generative AI in clinical (2020\u20132025): a mini-review of applications, emerging trends, and clinical challenges","display_name":"Generative AI in clinical (2020\u20132025): a mini-review of applications, emerging trends, and clinical challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415781909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41257033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092521378","display_name":"Nafiz Fahad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-6515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nafiz Fahad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FIST), Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FIST), Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115901216","display_name":"Riadul Islam Rabbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riadul Islam Rabbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065334174","display_name":"Sumayea Benta Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumayea Benta Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092677292","display_name":"Fariya Sultana Prity","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6863-3555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103434671","display_name":"American International University-Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8ga255","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fariya Sultana Prity","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101851666","display_name":"Rasel Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5550-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103434671","display_name":"American International University-Bangladesh","ror":"https://ror.org/02j8ga255","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasel Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103434671"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102328398","display_name":"Farhana Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhana Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041704835","display_name":"Md. Jakir Hossen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9978-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Jakir Hossen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering & Technology (FET), Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering & Technology (FET), Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039685944","display_name":"Tze Hui Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144487","display_name":"Cloud Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04aa0zm65","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tze Hui Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing (CICC), COE of Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing (CICC), COE of Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487","https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025712916","display_name":"Md Shohel Sayeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0052-4870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144487","display_name":"Cloud Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04aa0zm65","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shohel Sayeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing (CICC), COE of Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing (CICC), COE of Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144487","https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090599831","display_name":"Michael Kah Ong Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-6390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kah Ong Michael Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Image and Vision Computing, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Image and Vision Computing, COE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041704835"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":2.4127,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90509826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1653369","last_page":"1653369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9016000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9016000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7950999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.33399999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7950999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41257033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41257033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5760e13d494a4ed7977611a75ac173c1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5760e13d494a4ed7977611a75ac173c1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11428901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12620437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1653369/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415781909.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293065307","https://openalex.org/W4307447012","https://openalex.org/W4387357807","https://openalex.org/W4387966880","https://openalex.org/W4393376341","https://openalex.org/W4399660853","https://openalex.org/W4400140726","https://openalex.org/W4402746191","https://openalex.org/W4404654907","https://openalex.org/W4405219453","https://openalex.org/W4408500445","https://openalex.org/W4409199153"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(G-AI)":[3],"has":[4],"moved":[5],"from":[6,60],"proof-of-concept":[7],"demonstrations":[8],"to":[9,63],"practical":[10],"tools":[11],"that":[12,32],"augment":[13],"radiology,":[14],"dermatology,":[15],"genetics,":[16],"drug":[17],"discovery,":[18],"and":[19,30,53,74,80,86,114,124],"electronic-health-record":[20],"analysis.":[21],"This":[22],"mini-review":[23],"synthesizes":[24],"fifteen":[25],"studies":[26],"published":[27],"between":[28],"2020":[29],"2025":[31],"collectively":[33],"illustrate":[34],"three":[35],"dominant":[36],"trends:":[37],"data":[38],"augmentation":[39],"for":[40],"imbalanced":[41],"or":[42],"privacy-restricted":[43],"datasets,":[44],"automation":[45],"of":[46,55],"expert-intensive":[47],"tasks":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50],"radiology":[51],"reporting,":[52],"generation":[54],"new":[56],"biomedical":[57],"knowledge":[58],"ranging":[59],"molecular":[61,87],"scaffolds":[62],"fairness":[64],"insights.":[65],"Image-centric":[66],"work":[67],"still":[68],"dominates,":[69],"with":[70],"GANs,":[71],"diffusion":[72],"models,":[73],"Vision-Language":[75],"Models":[76],"expanding":[77],"limited":[78],"datasets":[79],"accelerating":[81],"diagnosis.":[82],"Yet":[83],"narrative":[84],"(EHR)":[85],"design":[88],"domains":[89],"are":[90],"rapidly":[91],"catching":[92],"up.":[93],"Despite":[94],"demonstrated":[95],"accuracy":[96],"gains,":[97],"recurring":[98],"challenges":[99],"persist:":[100],"synthetic":[101],"samples":[102],"may":[103],"overlook":[104],"rare":[105],"pathologies,":[106],"large":[107],"multimodal":[108],"systems":[109],"can":[110,117,132],"hallucinate":[111],"clinical":[112],"facts,":[113],"demographic":[115],"biases":[116],"be":[118,133],"amplified.":[119],"Robust":[120],"validation,":[121],"interpretability":[122],"techniques,":[123],"governance":[125],"frameworks":[126],"therefore,":[127],"remain":[128],"essential":[129],"before":[130],"G-AI":[131],"safely":[134],"embedded":[135],"in":[136],"routine":[137],"care.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}
