{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416729301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","title":"Optimized BERT-based NLP outperforms zero-shot methods for automated symptom detection in clinical practice","display_name":"Optimized BERT-based NLP outperforms zero-shot methods for automated symptom detection in clinical practice","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416729301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41383383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059279881","display_name":"Juan G. D\u00edaz Ochoa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9893-4068"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan G. Diaz Ochoa","raw_affiliation_strings":["PerMediQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PerMediQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064215205","display_name":"Natalie Layer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5915-4723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie Layer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117268266","display_name":"Jonas Mahr","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Mahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003316797","display_name":"Faizan E Mustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-7545"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faizan E Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"QuiBiQ GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052427840","display_name":"Christian Menzel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152706","display_name":"Diakonie-Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04zf2bt80","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian U. Menzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706","https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078597687","display_name":"Martina M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-4568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129555431","display_name":"University Hospital Regensburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01226dv09","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129555431"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129555431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102893099","display_name":"Tobias Schilling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1715-6143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152706","display_name":"Diakonie-Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04zf2bt80","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Schilling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706","https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010948621","display_name":"Gerald Illerhaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0009-8138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Illerhaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048384167","display_name":"Markus Knott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Knott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart Cancer Center - Tumorzentrum Eva Mayr-Stihl DE, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101606970","display_name":"Alexander Krohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-6360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129555431","display_name":"University Hospital Regensburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01226dv09","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129555431"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152706","display_name":"Diakonie-Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04zf2bt80","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161485","display_name":"Klinikum Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/059jfth35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Krohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152706","https://openalex.org/I4210161485"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129555431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059279881","https://openalex.org/A5101606970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129555431","https://openalex.org/I4210152706","https://openalex.org/I4210161485"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":3.8114,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9424202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1623922","last_page":"1623922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8145999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.8145999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.05249999836087227,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.043299999088048935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.6563000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018822202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Patient data","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41383383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41383383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3d74cadbf6348e19f116d289825f795","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3d74cadbf6348e19f116d289825f795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12689901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12689901/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1623922/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416729301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416729301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747861911","https://openalex.org/W3101446481","https://openalex.org/W3211056521","https://openalex.org/W4319730829","https://openalex.org/W4379379780","https://openalex.org/W4386247111","https://openalex.org/W4386279123","https://openalex.org/W4388199667","https://openalex.org/W4388478664","https://openalex.org/W4391840390","https://openalex.org/W4401535052","https://openalex.org/W4403005318","https://openalex.org/W4403214618","https://openalex.org/W4404989910","https://openalex.org/W4405854503","https://openalex.org/W4406421628","https://openalex.org/W4409002188","https://openalex.org/W4409710311","https://openalex.org/W4416113322"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2,26],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5,58],"raised":[6],"broad":[7],"expectations":[8],"for":[9,36,47,70,95,122,132,162,215,259,302,315],"clinical":[10,41,49,113,276,307],"use,":[11],"particularly":[12,69],"in":[13,21,67,112,143,148,152,190,222,372],"the":[14,93,312,326],"processing":[15],"of":[16,137,157,213,231,247,319,328],"complex":[17,71],"medical":[18,53],"narratives.":[19,54],"However,":[20,55],"practice,":[22],"more":[23],"targeted":[24],"Natural":[25],"Processing":[27],"(NLP)":[28],"approaches":[29],"may":[30],"offer":[31,296],"higher":[32],"precision":[33],"and":[34,92,118,125,141,175,218,253,262,289,299,366,369],"feasibility":[35],"symptom":[37,62,173,216,248,373],"extraction":[38,217,230],"from":[39,51,64,234,278],"real-world":[40],"texts.":[42],"NLP":[43,271],"provides":[44],"promising":[45],"tools":[46],"extracting":[48,339],"information":[50,63],"unstructured":[52,304],"few":[56],"studies":[57],"focused":[59],"on":[60,186,325],"integrating":[61,303],"free":[65,281],"texts":[66,147],"German,":[68],"patient":[72,251,323,364],"groups":[73],"such":[74],"as":[75,255],"emergency":[76],"department":[77],"(ED)":[78],"patients.":[79],"The":[80,165,201,225],"ED":[81,145,280],"setting":[82],"presents":[83],"specific":[84],"challenges:":[85],"high":[86],"documentation":[87],"pressure,":[88],"heterogeneous":[89],"language":[90,111],"styles,":[91],"need":[94],"secure,":[96],"locally":[97],"deployable":[98],"models":[99,121,295],"due":[100],"to":[101,194,338,360],"strict":[102,285],"data":[103,197,286],"protection":[104,198,287],"regulations.":[105],"Furthermore,":[106],"German":[107,144,279],"remains":[108],"a":[109,127,153,256,297,316,357],"low-resource":[110],"NLP.":[114],"Methods:":[115],"We":[116],"implemented":[117],"compared":[119],"two":[120],"zero-shot":[123,207],"learning-GLiNER":[124],"Mistral-and":[126],"fine-tuned":[128,202],"BERT-based":[129],"SCAI-BIO/BioGottBERT":[130,203],"model":[131,163,204],"named":[133],"entity":[134],"recognition":[135],"(NER)":[136],"symptoms,":[138,332],"anatomical":[139],"terms,":[140],"negations":[142],"anamnesis":[146],"an":[149,191,210],"on-premises":[150,192],"environment":[151],"hospital.":[154],"Manual":[155],"annotations":[156],"150":[158],"narratives":[159,305],"were":[160,184],"used":[161],"validation.":[164],"postprocessing":[166],"steps":[167],"included":[168],"confidence-based":[169],"filtering,":[170],"negation":[171,223],"exclusion,":[172],"standardization,":[174],"integration":[176],"with":[177,290],"structured":[178,240],"oncology":[179],"registry":[180],"data.":[181,241,330],"All":[182],"computations":[183],"performed":[185],"local":[187],"hospital":[188],"servers":[189],"implementation":[193],"ensure":[195],"full":[196],"compliance.":[199],"Results:":[200],"outperformed":[205],"both":[206],"approaches,":[208],"achieving":[209],"F1":[211],"score":[212],"0.84":[214],"demonstrating":[219],"superior":[220],"performance":[221],"detection.":[224],"validated":[226],"pipeline":[227],"enabled":[228],"systematic":[229],"affirmed":[232],"symptoms":[233,277],"ED-free":[235],"text,":[236,282],"transforming":[237],"them":[238],"into":[239,306],"This":[242,309],"method":[243],"allows":[244],"large-scale":[245],"analysis":[246],"profiles":[249],"across":[250],"populations":[252],"serves":[254],"technical":[257],"foundation":[258,314],"symptom-based":[260],"clustering":[261,354],"subgroup":[263],"analysis.":[264],"Conclusions:":[265],"Our":[266],"study":[267],"demonstrates":[268],"that":[269],"modern":[270],"methods":[272,355],"can":[273,335],"reliably":[274],"extract":[275],"even":[283],"under":[284],"constraints":[288],"limited":[291],"training":[292],"resources.":[293],"Fine-tuned":[294],"precise":[298],"practical":[300],"solution":[301],"decision-making.":[308],"work":[310],"lays":[311],"methodological":[313],"new":[317],"way":[318],"systematically":[320],"analyzing":[321],"large":[322],"cohorts":[324],"basis":[327],"free-text":[329],"Beyond":[331],"this":[333,349],"approach":[334],"be":[336],"extended":[337],"diagnoses,":[340],"procedures,":[341],"or":[342],"other":[343],"clinically":[344,362],"relevant":[345],"entities.":[346],"Building":[347],"upon":[348],"framework,":[350],"we":[351],"apply":[352],"network-based":[353],"(in":[356],"subsequent":[358],"study)":[359],"identify":[361],"meaningful":[363],"subgroups":[365],"explore":[367],"sex-":[368],"age-specific":[370],"patterns":[371],"expression.":[374]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}
