{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411706303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","title":"Accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o, Copilot, Gemini, Claude, and Perplexity in advising on lumbosacral radicular pain against clinical practice guidelines: cross-sectional study","display_name":"Accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o, Copilot, Gemini, Claude, and Perplexity in advising on lumbosacral radicular pain against clinical practice guidelines: cross-sectional study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411706303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40657647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059461571","display_name":"Giacomo Rossettini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-7681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904013037","display_name":"Universidad Europea de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/04dp46240","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904013037"]}],"countries":["ES","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Rossettini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","School of Physiotherapy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904013037"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physiotherapy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081955442","display_name":"Silvia Bargeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3489-6429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Bargeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049393044","display_name":"Chad Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-8361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088741","display_name":"Clinical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/009ywjj88","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088741"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153043","display_name":"Duke University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04bct7p84","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876","https://openalex.org/I4210144876","https://openalex.org/I4210153043"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088741","https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073033267","display_name":"Stefania Guida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1809-061X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Guida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057967998","display_name":"Alvisa Palese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-844X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","display_name":"University of Udine","ror":"https://ror.org/05ht0mh31","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvisa Palese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099519316","display_name":"Lia Rodeghiero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116322","display_name":"Krankenhaus Meran","ror":"https://ror.org/02e97hq31","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116322"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lia Rodeghiero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Merano (SABES-ASDAA), Teaching Hospital of Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Merano-Meran, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Merano (SABES-ASDAA), Teaching Hospital of Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Merano-Meran, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081091562","display_name":"Paolo Pillastrini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-2250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119117","display_name":"Azienda USL di Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/02mby1820","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Pillastrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067401817","display_name":"Andrea Turolla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1609-8060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119117","display_name":"Azienda USL di Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/02mby1820","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Turolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Occupational Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119117"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061340596","display_name":"Greta Castellini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-8187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greta Castellini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062203206","display_name":"Silvia Gianola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3770-0011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113215","display_name":"Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrje42","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153126","display_name":"Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico","ror":"https://ror.org/04tfzc498","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Gianola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113215","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099519316"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116322"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":8.0291,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97639853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1574287","last_page":"1574287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6061000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.6061000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.03880000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perplexity","display_name":"Perplexity","score":0.7295562624931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbosacral-joint","display_name":"Lumbosacral joint","score":0.6855087876319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radicular-pain","display_name":"Radicular pain","score":0.61892169713974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5697340965270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5652781128883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.26119327545166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2375698983669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.11704319715499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar","display_name":"Lumbar","score":0.10434198379516602}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100279451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372193","display_name":"Perplexity","level":3,"score":0.7295562624931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7146039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624375","display_name":"Lumbosacral joint","level":2,"score":0.6855087876319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779978343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2561634","display_name":"Radicular pain","level":3,"score":0.61892169713974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5697340965270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5652781128883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26119327545166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2375698983669281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.11704319715499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.10434198379516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40657647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40657647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1019919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/full","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:261169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/accuracy-of-chatgpt35-chatgpt4o-copilot-gemini-claude-and-perplexity-in-advising-on-lumbosacral-radicular-pain-against-clinical-practice-guidelines-crosssectional-study(623b0e5a-c08d-49b8-847b-b640babcc61d).html","pdf_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/138616088/136568312.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:air.uniud.it:11390/1310825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11390/1310825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401163","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I129043915","host_organization_name":"University of Udine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129043915"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:81b091dc8fc94585a74d0c6c04440001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/81b091dc8fc94585a74d0c6c04440001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12245906","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12245906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1574287/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411706303.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411706303.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529756421","https://openalex.org/W1972234604","https://openalex.org/W2031898746","https://openalex.org/W2036589290","https://openalex.org/W2063478977","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2171762906","https://openalex.org/W2789293335","https://openalex.org/W3008649179","https://openalex.org/W3117784299","https://openalex.org/W3170420654","https://openalex.org/W4280572991","https://openalex.org/W4281686397","https://openalex.org/W4292229870","https://openalex.org/W4366989525","https://openalex.org/W4368367885","https://openalex.org/W4379598302","https://openalex.org/W4381930847","https://openalex.org/W4384561707","https://openalex.org/W4386725993","https://openalex.org/W4387500346","https://openalex.org/W4387855376","https://openalex.org/W4388625750","https://openalex.org/W4390795911","https://openalex.org/W4391221150","https://openalex.org/W4391317566","https://openalex.org/W4391393796","https://openalex.org/W4392602768","https://openalex.org/W4392616544","https://openalex.org/W4392691776","https://openalex.org/W4392859069","https://openalex.org/W4394573140","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4394873790","https://openalex.org/W4404404328","https://openalex.org/W4405783533","https://openalex.org/W4406842840","https://openalex.org/W4409587272"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388851014","https://openalex.org/W1571002776","https://openalex.org/W2164249360","https://openalex.org/W2253589898","https://openalex.org/W2183430663","https://openalex.org/W1769363683","https://openalex.org/W2593649486","https://openalex.org/W3120589094","https://openalex.org/W1515017970","https://openalex.org/W4387832317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"chatbots,":[4],"which":[5],"generate":[6],"human-like":[7],"responses":[8,84,125,133,171],"based":[9,97],"on":[10,22,50,98,264],"extensive":[11],"data,":[12],"are":[13],"becoming":[14],"important":[15],"tools":[16],"in":[17,36,108,164,229],"healthcare":[18],"by":[19,201],"providing":[20,44],"information":[21],"health":[23],"conditions,":[24],"treatments,":[25],"and":[26,69,90,121,140,146,206,213,232,235,251,257],"preventive":[27],"measures,":[28],"acting":[29],"as":[30],"virtual":[31],"assistants.":[32],"However,":[33],"their":[34],"performance":[35,63],"aligning":[37],"with":[38,150,156,220,246],"clinical":[39,48],"practice":[40],"guidelines":[41],"(CPGs)":[42],"for":[43,67,88,128,249],"answers":[45],"to":[46,59,80,103,181,190,270,282],"complex":[47],"questions":[49,96],"lumbosacral":[51,71,92,253],"radicular":[52,72,93,254],"pain":[53],"is":[54],"still":[55],"unclear.":[56],"We":[57,75,160],"aim":[58],"evaluate":[60],"AI":[61,82,112,169,239,266],"chatbots'":[62,83,124],"against":[64,85],"CPG":[65],"recommendations":[66,87,241,248,274],"diagnosing":[68,89,250],"treating":[70,91,252],"pain.":[73,94,255],"Methods:":[74],"performed":[76,155],"a":[77,221],"cross-sectional":[78],"study":[79],"assess":[81],"CPGs":[86,100,247],"Clinical":[95],"these":[99,265],"were":[101,126,154],"posed":[102],"the":[104,165,194,216,227,238,273],"latest":[105],"versions":[106],"(updated":[107],"2024)":[109],"of":[110,131,168,272],"six":[111],"chatbots:":[113],"ChatGPT-3.5,":[114,211],"ChatGPT-4o,":[115,212],"Microsoft":[116,207],"Copilot,":[117],"Google":[118,202],"Gemini,":[119],"Claude,":[120],"Perplexity.":[122],"The":[123],"evaluated":[127],"(a)":[129],"consistency":[130,167,231],"text":[132,166],"using":[134,143],"Plagiarism":[135],"Checker":[136],"X,":[137],"(b)":[138],"intra-":[139,234],"inter-rater":[141,184,236],"reliability":[142,176,185],"Fleiss'":[144],"Kappa,":[145],"(c)":[147],"match":[148,196,223],"rate":[149,197],"CPGs.":[151],"Statistical":[152],"analyses":[153],"STATA/MP":[157],"16.1.":[158],"Results:":[159],"found":[161],"high":[162],"variability":[163,228],"chatbot":[170],"(median":[172],"range":[173],"26%-68%).":[174],"Intra-rater":[175],"ranged":[177],"from":[178,187],"\"almost":[179,188],"perfect\"":[180,189],"\"substantial,\"":[182],"while":[183],"varied":[186],"\"moderate.\"":[191],"Perplexity":[192],"had":[193],"highest":[195],"at":[198,204,209],"67%,":[199],"followed":[200],"Gemini":[203],"63%,":[205],"Copilot":[208],"44%.":[210],"Claude":[214],"showed":[215],"lowest":[217],"performance,":[218],"each":[219],"33%":[222],"rate.":[224],"Conclusions:":[225],"Despite":[226],"internal":[230],"good":[233],"reliability,":[237],"Chatbots'":[240],"often":[242],"did":[243],"not":[244],"align":[245],"Clinicians":[256],"patients":[258],"should":[259],"exercise":[260],"caution":[261],"when":[262],"relying":[263],"models,":[267],"since":[268],"one":[269],"two-thirds":[271],"provided":[275],"may":[276],"be":[277],"inappropriate":[278],"or":[279],"misleading":[280],"according":[281],"specific":[283],"chatbots.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}