{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409824864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","title":"Evaluating diversity and stereotypes amongst AI generated representations of healthcare providers","display_name":"Evaluating diversity and stereotypes amongst AI generated representations of healthcare providers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409824864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081979419","display_name":"Anjali Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-7500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800982346","display_name":"Morristown High School","ror":"https://ror.org/00dv5qk90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800982346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjali Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Rouse High School, Leander, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rouse High School, Leander, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800982346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074543838","display_name":"Gauri Shanker Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1573-1853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128459","display_name":"Ridgewood Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/03e7c0529","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128459"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauri Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ridgewood High School, Ridgewood, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ridgewood High School, Ridgewood, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114153718","display_name":"Anushri Agrawal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800982346","display_name":"Morristown High School","ror":"https://ror.org/00dv5qk90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800982346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anushri Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Rouse High School, Leander, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rouse High School, Leander, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800982346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101643161","display_name":"Himanshu Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-5693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098925","display_name":"Valley Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/0102aw075","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098925"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Himanshu Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heart and Vascular Institute, Valley Health System, Ridgewood, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heart and Vascular Institute, Valley Health System, Ridgewood, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101643161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098925"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"fwci":2.2202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88507389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1537907","last_page":"1537907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4900999963283539,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4900999963283539,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.2727999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.05559999868273735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.7699339389801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6128130555152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3985925316810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35308897495269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.352605938911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3260151147842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3241240382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.31556522846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22540730237960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropology","display_name":"Anthropology","score":0.07797479629516602}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.7699339389801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6128130555152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3985925316810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35308897495269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.352605938911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3260151147842407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3241240382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31556522846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22540730237960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.07797479629516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40352327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40352327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12062135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12062135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd0ad63a7b234c4db353a1c11ba42846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd0ad63a7b234c4db353a1c11ba42846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1537907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409824864.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409824864.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3019155980","https://openalex.org/W3103585759","https://openalex.org/W3147460709","https://openalex.org/W3170269856","https://openalex.org/W4206097581","https://openalex.org/W4320494352","https://openalex.org/W4323041949","https://openalex.org/W4381332452","https://openalex.org/W4386624058","https://openalex.org/W4387158030","https://openalex.org/W4390229867","https://openalex.org/W4391090621","https://openalex.org/W4392133781","https://openalex.org/W4398277600","https://openalex.org/W4400770066","https://openalex.org/W4402253265","https://openalex.org/W4403638035","https://openalex.org/W4404134492","https://openalex.org/W6806412559"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4236583520","https://openalex.org/W2322261865","https://openalex.org/W4398861705","https://openalex.org/W2734736160","https://openalex.org/W2409468626","https://openalex.org/W4206863193","https://openalex.org/W4205351689","https://openalex.org/W4283518176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Generative":[1,110,171],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(AI)":[4],"can":[5,163],"simulate":[6],"existing":[7,105],"societal":[8],"data,":[9],"which":[10],"led":[11],"us":[12],"to":[13,32,70,129,144],"explore":[14,60],"diversity":[15,55,86,90,114,151],"and":[16,44,53,74,88,125,133,152,177],"stereotypes":[17,61,127],"among":[18],"AI-generated":[19],"representations":[20],"of":[21,84,118,141,158,170],"healthcare":[22,37,159,174],"providers.":[23,160],"Methods:":[24],"We":[25,80],"used":[26],"DALL-E":[27],"3,":[28],"a":[29,93,146],"text-to-image":[30],"generator,":[31],"generate":[33],"360":[34],"images":[35,48,157],"from":[36],"profession":[38],"terms":[39],"tagged":[40],"with":[41,104],"specific":[42],"race":[43,54,89],"sex":[45,52,85,124],"identifiers.":[46],"These":[47,101,161],"were":[49],"evaluated":[50],"for":[51,149],"using":[56],"consensus":[57],"scoring.":[58],"To":[59],"present":[62],"in":[63,76,173],"the":[64,77,139,168],"images,":[65],"we":[66],"employed":[67],"Google":[68,119],"Vision":[69,120],"label":[71],"objects,":[72],"actions,":[73],"backgrounds":[75],"images.":[78],"Results:":[79],"found":[81],"modest":[82],"levels":[83],"(3.2)":[87],"(2.8)":[91],"on":[92],"5-point":[94],"scale,":[95],"where":[96],"5":[97],"indicates":[98],"maximum":[99],"diversity.":[100],"findings":[102],"align":[103],"workforce":[106,175],"statistics,":[107],"suggesting":[108],"that":[109],"AI":[111,156,172],"reflects":[112],"real-world":[113],"patterns.":[115],"The":[116],"analysis":[117],"image":[121],"labels":[122],"revealed":[123],"race-linked":[126],"related":[128],"appearance,":[130],"facial":[131],"expressions,":[132],"attire.":[134],"Discussion:":[135],"This":[136],"study":[137],"is":[138],"first":[140],"its":[142],"kind":[143],"provide":[145],"ML-based":[147],"framework":[148],"quantifying":[150],"biases":[153],"amongst":[154],"generated":[155],"insights":[162],"guide":[164],"policy":[165],"decisions":[166],"involving":[167],"use":[169],"training":[176],"recruitment.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}