{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406253179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","title":"A novel machine learning based framework for developing composite digital biomarkers of disease progression","display_name":"A novel machine learning based framework for developing composite digital biomarkers of disease progression","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406253179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867644"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984642","display_name":"Song Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-7048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018772991","display_name":"Andy Liaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Liaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084707794","display_name":"Judong Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6150-1034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judong Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079572594","display_name":"Yuting Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2091-3854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081059721","display_name":"Vladimir Svetnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-2387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Svetnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003199773","display_name":"James J. FitzGerald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5980-9830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James J. FitzGerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050454008","display_name":"Chrystalina A. Antoniades","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1192-3834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chrystalina A. Antoniades","raw_affiliation_strings":["NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111558763","display_name":"Dan Holder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Holder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034116722","display_name":"Marissa F. Dockendorf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6341-0221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marissa F. Dockendorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Clinical Measures, Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Clinical Measures, Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049958305","display_name":"Jie Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-1881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285764155","display_name":"Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02891sr49","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Clinical Measures, Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Clinical Measures, Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022421173","display_name":"Richard Baumgartner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3330-8477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133369","display_name":"Decision Sciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gcvf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Baumgartner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133369"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022421173","https://openalex.org/A5049958305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285764155","https://openalex.org/I4210133369"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71432526,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1500811","last_page":"1500811"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.8607000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.8607000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-number","display_name":"Composite number","score":0.5691518783569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5210453867912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4582390785217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38725394010543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3801598846912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.31903645396232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.10449987649917603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.5691518783569336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5210453867912292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4582390785217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38725394010543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3801598846912384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31903645396232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.10449987649917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39867644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39867644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11760596","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11760596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06aae0a63d094d6685e88defe515354f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06aae0a63d094d6685e88defe515354f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 6 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1500811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70551643","https://openalex.org/W1841373314","https://openalex.org/W2013675760","https://openalex.org/W2020188512","https://openalex.org/W2043593208","https://openalex.org/W2054358221","https://openalex.org/W2077175310","https://openalex.org/W2104640464","https://openalex.org/W2140978740","https://openalex.org/W2149860264","https://openalex.org/W2409767563","https://openalex.org/W2540590185","https://openalex.org/W2800341923","https://openalex.org/W2809384842","https://openalex.org/W2918156495","https://openalex.org/W2946410019","https://openalex.org/W2958882697","https://openalex.org/W2983979686","https://openalex.org/W2999310244","https://openalex.org/W2999749474","https://openalex.org/W3035543331","https://openalex.org/W3080165374","https://openalex.org/W3133909080","https://openalex.org/W3137125108","https://openalex.org/W3155917002","https://openalex.org/W3206425172","https://openalex.org/W4206998634","https://openalex.org/W4226457788","https://openalex.org/W4281287742","https://openalex.org/W4285590410","https://openalex.org/W4289667141","https://openalex.org/W4290983425","https://openalex.org/W4295413666","https://openalex.org/W4296564560","https://openalex.org/W4299293190","https://openalex.org/W4312018799","https://openalex.org/W4312067188","https://openalex.org/W4317499915","https://openalex.org/W4317500290","https://openalex.org/W4323310554","https://openalex.org/W4377097151","https://openalex.org/W4387424974","https://openalex.org/W4392845213","https://openalex.org/W4399577026","https://openalex.org/W6760309081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Current":[1],"methods":[2],"of":[3,7,61,84,92,116,133,166,198,219,310,327],"measuring":[4],"disease":[5,12,137,254,283,311],"progression":[6,33,111,138,284,312],"neurodegenerative":[8,282],"disorders,":[9],"including":[10,81],"Parkinson's":[11],"(PD),":[13],"largely":[14],"rely":[15],"on":[16],"composite":[17,93,107,134,221,230,257,307,328],"clinical":[18,295],"rating":[19],"scales,":[20],"which":[21,317],"are":[22],"prone":[23],"to":[24,31,47,67,77,105,154,215,225,264,293,305],"subjective":[25],"biases":[26],"and":[27,51,64,90,130,171,186,236,270,288,303,325],"lack":[28],"the":[29,59,65,85,203,220,229,262,323],"sensitivity":[30,287],"detect":[32],"signals":[34],"in":[35,82,183,217,243,280,321,331],"a":[36,99,117,123,158,234,300],"timely":[37],"manner.":[38],"Digital":[39],"health":[40],"technology":[41],"(DHT)-derived":[42],"measures":[43,53],"offer":[44],"potential":[45,66],"solutions":[46],"provide":[48],"objective,":[49],"precise,":[50],"sensitive":[52],"that":[54,72],"address":[55],"these":[56],"limitations.":[57],"However,":[58],"complexity":[60],"DHT":[62,315],"datasets":[63],"derive":[68],"numerous":[69],"digital":[70,88,94,108,120,127,136,200,222,231,258,308,329],"features":[71,89,201,211],"were":[73],"not":[74],"previously":[75],"possible":[76],"measure":[78,232,259,309],"pose":[79],"challenges,":[80],"selection":[83],"most":[86],"important":[87],"construction":[91,132,218],"biomarkers.":[95],"Methods":[96],"We":[97],"present":[98,299],"comprehensive":[100],"machine":[101],"learning":[102],"based":[103],"framework":[104,114,153,302],"construct":[106,306],"biomarkers":[109,139,330],"for":[110,180,252],"tracking.":[112],"This":[113,256],"consists":[115],"marginal":[118],"(univariate)":[119],"feature":[121,128,207],"screening,":[122,208],"univariate":[124,206],"association":[125],"test,":[126],"selection,":[129],"subsequent":[131],"(multivariate)":[135],"using":[140],"Penalized":[141],"Generalized":[142],"Estimating":[143],"Equations":[144],"(PGEE).":[145],"As":[146],"an":[147],"illustrative":[148,194],"example,":[149,195],"we":[150,298],"applied":[151],"this":[152],"data":[155,164],"collected":[156,176],"from":[157,202,276,313],"PD":[159,185,244,269],"longitudinal":[160],"observational":[161],"study.":[162],"The":[163],"consisted":[165],"Opal\u2122":[167],"sensor-based":[168],"movement":[169],"measurements":[170],"MDS-UPDRS":[172,226],"Part":[173,227],"III":[174],"scores":[175],"at":[177],"3-month":[178],"intervals":[179],"2":[181],"years":[182],"30":[184],"10":[187],"healthy":[188,271],"control":[189,272],"participants.":[190],"Results":[191],"In":[192],"our":[193],"77":[196],"out":[197],"235":[199],"study":[204],"passed":[205],"with":[209,246,285],"11":[210],"selected":[212],"by":[213],"PGEE":[214],"include":[216],"measure.":[223],"Compared":[224],"III,":[228],"exhibited":[233],"smoother":[235],"more":[237],"significant":[238],"increasing":[239],"trend":[240],"over":[241],"time":[242],"groups":[245],"less":[247],"variability,":[248],"indicating":[249],"improved":[250],"ability":[251,263],"tracking":[253,281],"progression.":[255],"also":[260],"demonstrated":[261],"classify":[265],"between":[266],"de":[267],"novo":[268],"groups.":[273],"Conclusion":[274],"Measures":[275],"DHTs":[277],"show":[278],"promise":[279],"increased":[286],"reduced":[289],"variability":[290],"as":[291],"compared":[292],"traditional":[294],"scores.":[296],"Herein,":[297],"novel":[301],"methodology":[304],"high-dimensional":[314],"datasets,":[316],"may":[318],"have":[319],"utility":[320],"accelerating":[322],"development":[324],"application":[326],"drug":[332],"development.":[333]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}