{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392559344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","title":"Toward mechanistic medical digital twins: some use cases in immunology","display_name":"Toward mechanistic medical digital twins: some use cases in immunology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392559344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38515550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091010756","display_name":"Reinhard Laubenbacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9143-9451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reinhard Laubenbacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110948314","display_name":"Fred Adler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Adler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042696510","display_name":"Gary An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-9004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010454141","display_name":"Filippo Castiglione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-3552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Castiglione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030954130","display_name":"Stephen Eubank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-309X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151352","display_name":"Biocom","ror":"https://ror.org/03ymdxs56","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Eubank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381","https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053594024","display_name":"Lu\u00eds L. Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-742X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis L. Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032161283","display_name":"James A. Glazier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-190X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Glazier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073371703","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Helikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3653-1906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Helikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078050028","display_name":"Marti Jett\u2010Tilton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92664306","display_name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0145znz58","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106965489","https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802581893","https://openalex.org/I92664306"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marti Jett-Tilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92664306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067786863","display_name":"Denise E. Kirschner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1053-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denise Kirschner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052380564","display_name":"Paul Macklin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9925-0151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Macklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023183325","display_name":"Borna Mehrad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borna Mehrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023482526","display_name":"Bethany B. Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3051-745X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beth Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069890420","display_name":"Virginia Pasour","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090916","display_name":"Triangle","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhbr831","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090916"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163870","display_name":"United States Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437","https://openalex.org/I4210163870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia Pasour","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163870","https://openalex.org/I4210090916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061460061","display_name":"Ilya Shmulevich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-8780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3148997608","display_name":"Institute for Systems Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/02tpgw303","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3148997608"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilya Shmulevich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3148997608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028744677","display_name":"Amber M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-6904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160606119","display_name":"University of Tennessee Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0011qv509","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160606119"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amber Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160606119"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007538856","display_name":"Isabel Voigt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Voigt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027619317","display_name":"Thomas E. Yankeelov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6201-3913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas E. Yankeelov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Austin, TX, United States","Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic Medicine, Oncology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Diagnostic Medicine, Oncology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114375542","display_name":"Tjalf Ziemssen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162051","display_name":"University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus","ror":"https://ror.org/04za5zm41","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tjalf Ziemssen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":19,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091010756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":7.5901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9827592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1349595","last_page":"1349595"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.9674999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11289","display_name":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5569018125534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-medicine","display_name":"Personalized medicine","score":0.5115988850593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4992539882659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.47686395049095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-information","display_name":"Medical information","score":0.41940873861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.20697325468063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.14992424845695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.13518154621124268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5569018125534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.5115988850593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4992539882659912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47686395049095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019150057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779279","display_name":"Medical information","level":2,"score":0.41940873861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.20697325468063354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.14992424845695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13518154621124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38515550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38515550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10955144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10955144","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10955144/pdf/fdgth-06-1349595.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:33cfd1e3513942e8b5e508835b666174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/33cfd1e3513942e8b5e508835b666174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2024.1349595/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392559344.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969623044","https://openalex.org/W2000982470","https://openalex.org/W2016061623","https://openalex.org/W2089403231","https://openalex.org/W2115438934","https://openalex.org/W2157737997","https://openalex.org/W2476911382","https://openalex.org/W2755214325","https://openalex.org/W2884239386","https://openalex.org/W2887489249","https://openalex.org/W2913795550","https://openalex.org/W2963655326","https://openalex.org/W3008522998","https://openalex.org/W3011003927","https://openalex.org/W3108628588","https://openalex.org/W3111667594","https://openalex.org/W3125752225","https://openalex.org/W3181534243","https://openalex.org/W3183767126","https://openalex.org/W3200987578","https://openalex.org/W4200391806","https://openalex.org/W4223626367","https://openalex.org/W4226090547","https://openalex.org/W4280608208","https://openalex.org/W4287378517","https://openalex.org/W4289277903","https://openalex.org/W4307266380","https://openalex.org/W4311060216","https://openalex.org/W4391893371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"fundamental":[1],"challenge":[2],"for":[3,65],"personalized":[4,33,52],"medicine":[5],"is":[6,68,78],"to":[7,17,22,44,48,57,94,113],"capture":[8],"enough":[9,41],"of":[10,13,36,89,128],"the":[11,49,129],"complexity":[12],"an":[14,19,120],"individual":[15],"patient":[16],"determine":[18],"optimal":[20],"way":[21],"keep":[23],"them":[24],"healthy":[25],"or":[26,99],"restore":[27],"their":[28],"health.":[29],"This":[30,80],"will":[31],"require":[32],"computational":[34],"models":[35,53],"sufficient":[37],"resolution":[38],"and":[39,73,76],"with":[40],"mechanistic":[42],"information":[43,47],"provide":[45],"actionable":[46],"clinician.":[50],"Such":[51],"are":[54,132],"increasingly":[55],"referred":[56],"as":[58],"medical":[59,114],"digital":[60,97,100,115],"twins.":[61],"Digital":[62],"twin":[63,101],"technology":[64],"health":[66],"applications":[67],"still":[69],"in":[70,86],"its":[71],"infancy,":[72],"extensive":[74],"research":[75],"development":[77,90],"required.":[79],"article":[81],"focuses":[82],"on":[83,110],"several":[84],"projects":[85],"different":[87],"stages":[88],"that":[91],"can":[92],"lead":[93],"specific-and":[95],"practical-medical":[96],"twins":[98],"modeling":[102],"platforms.":[103],"It":[104],"emerged":[105],"from":[106],"a":[107],"two-day":[108],"forum":[109,130],"problems":[111],"related":[112],"twins,":[116],"particularly":[117],"those":[118],"involving":[119],"immune":[121],"system":[122],"component.":[123],"Open":[124],"access":[125],"video":[126],"recordings":[127],"discussions":[131],"available.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
