{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402252380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","title":"Deepfake: definitions, performance metrics and standards, datasets, and a meta-review","display_name":"Deepfake: definitions, performance metrics and standards, datasets, and a meta-review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402252380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39296632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077001862","display_name":"Enes Altuncu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1362-9700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enes Altuncu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063050195","display_name":"Virginia N. L. Franqueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1332-9115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Virginia N. L. Franqueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745576","display_name":"Shujun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-7328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shujun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyber Security for Society (iCSS) & School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100745576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":8.093,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98359398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1400024","last_page":"1400024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5434165596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40064287185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3361116349697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12064868211746216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5434165596961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40064287185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3361116349697113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12064868211746216}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39296632","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39296632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:107255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024>)","pdf_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/107255/1/S.%20Li%20-%20Deepfake%20-%20PPDF.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11408348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11408348","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11408348/pdf/fdata-07-1400024.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd3c501bba7048cdadb2c75a5621601c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd3c501bba7048cdadb2c75a5621601c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1400024/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8527692473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S018964/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402252380.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402252380.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490960179","https://openalex.org/W2086381917","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2186222003","https://openalex.org/W2241862190","https://openalex.org/W2473388484","https://openalex.org/W2519091744","https://openalex.org/W2526468814","https://openalex.org/W2558687840","https://openalex.org/W2755560870","https://openalex.org/W2794857359","https://openalex.org/W2803193013","https://openalex.org/W2803674432","https://openalex.org/W2806833697","https://openalex.org/W2909336075","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2914911817","https://openalex.org/W2937918341","https://openalex.org/W2971634123","https://openalex.org/W2972672667","https://openalex.org/W2987809008","https://openalex.org/W3005939059","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3022710784","https://openalex.org/W3026777299","https://openalex.org/W3031973383","https://openalex.org/W3034301684","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3034909238","https://openalex.org/W3035446294","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3040168631","https://openalex.org/W3046357466","https://openalex.org/W3093673399","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3143835353","https://openalex.org/W3153469116","https://openalex.org/W3158878203","https://openalex.org/W3196774886","https://openalex.org/W3197457172","https://openalex.org/W3212176791","https://openalex.org/W4213069590","https://openalex.org/W4213449918","https://openalex.org/W4226034794","https://openalex.org/W4226246616","https://openalex.org/W4248927948","https://openalex.org/W4288102863","https://openalex.org/W4297498506","https://openalex.org/W4297841787","https://openalex.org/W4298580827","https://openalex.org/W4308233774","https://openalex.org/W4309049624","https://openalex.org/W4313024147","https://openalex.org/W4313984387","https://openalex.org/W4317553041","https://openalex.org/W4366850747","https://openalex.org/W4367000196","https://openalex.org/W4367046815","https://openalex.org/W4377130976","https://openalex.org/W4381198892","https://openalex.org/W4385187297","https://openalex.org/W4385270985","https://openalex.org/W4385416665","https://openalex.org/W4385734222","https://openalex.org/W4386076380","https://openalex.org/W4386555993","https://openalex.org/W4386557734","https://openalex.org/W4388851105","https://openalex.org/W4389115856","https://openalex.org/W4389742134","https://openalex.org/W4390912423","https://openalex.org/W4391009376","https://openalex.org/W4391046687","https://openalex.org/W4392455096","https://openalex.org/W4392946376","https://openalex.org/W4394019163","https://openalex.org/W4399564876","https://openalex.org/W4402351686","https://openalex.org/W6689908833","https://openalex.org/W6736210646","https://openalex.org/W6740959558","https://openalex.org/W6748409065","https://openalex.org/W6750129487","https://openalex.org/W6754462837","https://openalex.org/W6756522926","https://openalex.org/W6757146666","https://openalex.org/W6757663408","https://openalex.org/W6758852981","https://openalex.org/W6761673875","https://openalex.org/W6766047348","https://openalex.org/W6768831031","https://openalex.org/W6769920582","https://openalex.org/W6772788029","https://openalex.org/W6774957596","https://openalex.org/W6777482776","https://openalex.org/W6779607597","https://openalex.org/W6780082080","https://openalex.org/W6781431555","https://openalex.org/W6784638342","https://openalex.org/W6786242331","https://openalex.org/W6788722341","https://openalex.org/W6791153868","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6791825251","https://openalex.org/W6792403120","https://openalex.org/W6793228168","https://openalex.org/W6794108717","https://openalex.org/W6799089041","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6809892016","https://openalex.org/W6810006639","https://openalex.org/W6810484327","https://openalex.org/W6810739718","https://openalex.org/W6811013733","https://openalex.org/W6839008094","https://openalex.org/W6841871266","https://openalex.org/W6846372111","https://openalex.org/W6849274154","https://openalex.org/W6850963127","https://openalex.org/W6851950068","https://openalex.org/W6852341453","https://openalex.org/W6852755086","https://openalex.org/W6853084711","https://openalex.org/W6853927091","https://openalex.org/W6855239411","https://openalex.org/W6856186537","https://openalex.org/W6856248253","https://openalex.org/W6857356581","https://openalex.org/W6858831335","https://openalex.org/W6860040684","https://openalex.org/W6860692624","https://openalex.org/W6872171168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advancements":[1],"in":[2,13,49,128],"AI,":[3],"especially":[4],"deep":[5],"learning,":[6],"have":[7],"contributed":[8],"to":[9,33],"a":[10,54,88],"significant":[11],"increase":[12],"the":[14,34,37,44,84,103,109,122,131],"creation":[15,35],"of":[16,27,36,57,63,90,111,126,130],"new":[17,38],"realistic-looking":[18],"synthetic":[19],"media":[20],"(video,":[21],"image,":[22],"and":[23,25,47,76,78,114],"audio)":[24],"manipulation":[26],"existing":[28],"media,":[29],"which":[30],"has":[31],"led":[32],"term":[39],"\"deepfake.\"":[40],"Based":[41],"on":[42,102,108],"both":[43],"research":[45],"literature":[46],"resources":[48],"English,":[50],"this":[51,64,119],"paper":[52,85,120],"gives":[53],"comprehensive":[55,124],"overview":[56],"deepfake,":[58],"covering":[59],"multiple":[60],"important":[61],"aspects":[62,105,132],"emerging":[65],"concept,":[66],"including":[67],"(1)":[68],"different":[69],"definitions,":[70],"(2)":[71],"commonly":[72],"used":[73],"performance":[74],"metrics":[75],"standards,":[77],"(3)":[79],"deepfake-related":[80,93],"datasets.":[81],"In":[82],"addition,":[83],"also":[86,107],"reports":[87],"meta-review":[89],"15":[91],"selected":[92],"survey":[94],"papers":[95],"published":[96],"since":[97],"2020,":[98],"focusing":[99],"not":[100],"only":[101],"mentioned":[104],"but":[106],"analysis":[110],"key":[112],"challenges":[113],"recommendations.":[115],"We":[116],"believe":[117],"that":[118],"is":[121],"most":[123],"review":[125],"deepfake":[127],"terms":[129],"covered.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}